银川市湿地表层水中多环芳烃的分布、来源及生态风险评价
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摘要
为研究银川市湿地表层水中多环芳烃(PAHs)的分布、来源与生态风险,采集丰水期和枯水期15个湿地水样,采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪测定水样中16种PAHs的质量浓度,分析了丰水期和枯水期中PAHs的组成,分别运用主成分分析法和正定矩阵因子分解模型对水样中的PAHs进行来源解析,并根据忽略浓度(NCs)及最大允许浓度(MPCs)通过风险熵值法进行生态风险评价.结果表明:①枯水期15个水样中检测出8种多环芳烃,ΣPAHs的浓度范围为1 455. 38～2 538. 84 ng·L-1,丰水期15个水样中检测出12种多环芳烃,ΣPAHs的浓度范围为818. 69～1 582. 14 ng·L-1,枯水期PAHs的浓度普遍高于丰水期.与国内外其它水体相比处于中高污染水平.②枯水期PAHs以3环～5环为主,高低环比例不明显,2～3环占比为35. 6%～59. 2%,4～6环占比为40. 8%～59. 7%;丰水期PAHs以4环和5环为主,低高环占比分别为10. 2%～45. 07%、54. 92%～89. 76%,高环较低环占比较高;③利用主成分分析法及正定矩阵因子分解法对丰水期和枯水期水体中PAHs的来源进行解析,结果表明其PAHs的主要来源为燃烧源及交通污染源.④风险熵值法分析显示银川市湿地水体中枯水期及丰水期的Ba A、Bb F、In P、DBA和Bghi P单体和枯水期的Phe的最高风险浓度风险熵值(RQMPCs)均大于1,可能已经引起一定程度的污染,需引起重视;枯水期表层水中Nap及丰水期表层水中Nap、Ace、Fla、Pyr和Ba P的最低风险浓度风险熵值(RQNCs)均大于1,说明这些单体PAHs可能造成中等程度的污染,需要对PAHs污染加强控制.
In order to explore the composition,sources and ecological risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons( PAHs) in water from Yinchuan wetlands,water samples were collected in the dry season and plentiful season from 15 wetlands. Sixteen species of PAHs were analyzed by gas-mass spectrometry,and source identification of PAHs was investigated by PCA and EPA positive matrix factorization 5. 0. Ecological risk was assessed using the risk entropy method based on the neglected concentrations( NCs) and the maximum permissible concentrations( MPCs). The results showed that: ① in the dry season,eight kinds of PAHs were detected,the concentrations of which ranged from 1 455. 38 ng·L-1 to 2 538. 84 ng·L-1. In the plentiful season,12 kinds of PAHs were detected,the concentrations of which ranged from 818. 69 ng·L-1 to 1 582. 14 ng·L-1. The concentrations of PAHs in the dry season in Yinchuan were higher than that during the plentiful season. Compared with other domestic and overseas surface waters,PAH pollution was high; ② in the dry season,PAHs were mainly composed of 3-5 rings,and 2-3 and 4-6 rings accounted for 35. 6%-59. 2% and40. 8%-59. 7%,respectively. In the plentiful season,PAHs were mainly composed of 4-5 rings,and 2-3 and 4-6 rings accounted for10. 2%-45. 07% and 54. 92%-89. 76%,respectively; ③ the source analysis showed that in both the dry season and in the plentiful season,the main source were combustion and automobile emissions; ④ the ecological risk assessment indicated that the RQMPCsof Ba A,Bb F,In P,DBA,and Bghi P during both the dry and plentiful seasons,and RQMPCsof Phe during the dry season,were higher than 1. 0,indicating that attention needs to be paid to pollution levels. The RQNCsof Nap,Ace,Fla,Pyr,and Ba P during the plentiful season and the RQNCsof Nap during the dry season were higher than 1. 0,indicating the pollution risk was moderate and control and prevision of pollution from PAHs are required in the region.
In order to explore the composition,sources and ecological risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons( PAHs) in water from Yinchuan wetlands,water samples were collected in the dry season and plentiful season from 15 wetlands. Sixteen species of PAHs were analyzed by gas-mass spectrometry,and source identification of PAHs was investigated by PCA and EPA positive matrix factorization 5. 0. Ecological risk was assessed using the risk entropy method based on the neglected concentrations( NCs) and the maximum permissible concentrations( MPCs). The results showed that: ① in the dry season,eight kinds of PAHs were detected,the concentrations of which ranged from 1 455. 38 ng·L-1 to 2 538. 84 ng·L-1. In the plentiful season,12 kinds of PAHs were detected,the concentrations of which ranged from 818. 69 ng·L-1 to 1 582. 14 ng·L-1. The concentrations of PAHs in the dry season in Yinchuan were higher than that during the plentiful season. Compared with other domestic and overseas surface waters,PAH pollution was high; ② in the dry season,PAHs were mainly composed of 3-5 rings,and 2-3 and 4-6 rings accounted for 35. 6%-59. 2% and40. 8%-59. 7%,respectively. In the plentiful season,PAHs were mainly composed of 4-5 rings,and 2-3 and 4-6 rings accounted for10. 2%-45. 07% and 54. 92%-89. 76%,respectively; ③ the source analysis showed that in both the dry season and in the plentiful season,the main source were combustion and automobile emissions; ④ the ecological risk assessment indicated that the RQMPCsof Ba A,Bb F,In P,DBA,and Bghi P during both the dry and plentiful seasons,and RQMPCsof Phe during the dry season,were higher than 1. 0,indicating that attention needs to be paid to pollution levels. The RQNCsof Nap,Ace,Fla,Pyr,and Ba P during the plentiful season and the RQNCsof Nap during the dry season were higher than 1. 0,indicating the pollution risk was moderate and control and prevision of pollution from PAHs are required in the region.
引文
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[2] An N N,Liu S L,Yin Y J,et al. Spatial distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in the reservoir sediments after impoundment of Manwan Dam in the middle of Lancang river,China[J]. Ecotoxicology,2016,25(6):1072-1081.
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[4] Cao Q M,Wang H,Qin J Q,et al. Partitioning of PAHs in pore water from mangrove wetlands in Shantou, China[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2015,111:42-47.
[5] Dong W H,Lin X Y,Du S H,et al. Risk assessment of organic contamination in shallow groundwater around a leaching landfill site in Kaifeng, China[J]. Environmental Earth Sciences,2015,74(3):2749-2756.
[6] Liang F,Yang S G,Sun C. Primary health risk analysis of metals in surface water of Taihu Lake,China[J]. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2011,87(4):404-408.
[7] Lv J P,Xu J,Guo C S,et al. Spatial and temporal distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in surface water from Liaohe River Basin,northeast China[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2014,21(11):7088-7096.
[8] Liu M L, Feng J L, Hu P T, et al. Spatial-temporal distributions, sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in surface water and suspended particular matter from the upper reach of Huaihe River, China[J]. Ecological Engineering,2016,95:143-151.
[9] Yuan H,Zhang R Q. Changes in wetland landscape patterns on Yinchuan Plain,China[J]. International Journal of Sustainable Development&World Ecology,2010,17(3):236-243.
[10]乔斌,何彤慧,吴春燕,等.银川市典型湖泊湿地中芦苇生长特性及其生境土壤因子研究[J].西北植物学报,2017,37(3):569-577.Qiao B,He T H,W C Y,et al. Study on growth characteristics of reed and its habitat soil factors in typical lake-wetland of Yinchuan[J]. Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2017,37(3):569-577.
[11]谭鹏.银川湿地保护与水资源可持续利用概述[J].宁夏农林科技,2016,57(1):51-52,62.Tan P. An overview of wetland protection and water resources sustainable utilization in Yinchuan[J]. Ningxia Journal of Agriculture and Forestry Science and technology,2016,57(1):51-52,62.
[12]徐红,汪青,华德武,等.芜湖市景观水体多环芳烃的含量特征、来源与生态风险评价[J].水土保持学报,2018,32(2):321-328,348.Xu H, Wang Q, Hua D W, et al. The concentration characteristics and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and its ecological risk assessment in landscape Water of Wuhu,China[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2018,32(2):321-328,348.
[13] Kalf D F,Crommentuijn T,van de Plassche E J. Environmental quality objectives for 10 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,1997,36(1):89-97.
[14] Adeleye A O,Jin H Y,Di Y N,et al. Distribution and ecological risk of organic pollutants in the sediments and seafood of Yangtze Estuary and Hangzhou Bay,East China Sea[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,541:1540-1548.
[15]田大年,丁润梅,蔡倩,等.银川市大气PM2. 5和PM10中多环芳烃的污染特征[J].现代预防医学,2017,44(20):3672-3676.Tian D N,Ding R M,Cai Q,et al. Pollution characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM2. 5and PM10in Yinchuan[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine,2017,44(20):3672-3676.
[16] Long E R,Macdonald D D,Smith S L,et al. Incidence of adverse biological effects within ranges of chemical concentrations in marine and estuarine sediments[J]. Environmental Management,1995,19(1):81-97.
[17]王晓迪,臧淑英,张玉红,等.大庆湖泊群水体和淡水鱼中多环芳烃污染特征及生态风险评估[J].环境科学,2015,36(11):4291-4301.Wang X D, Zang S Y, Zhang Y H, et al. Pollution characteristics and ecological risk assessment of PAHs in water and fishes from Daqing Lakes[J]. Environmental Science,2015,36(11):4291-4301.
[18] Qin N,He W,Kong X Z,et al. Distribution,partitioning and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the water-SPMsediment system of lake Chaohu,China[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2014,496:414-423.
[19]张家泉,胡天鹏,邢新丽,等.大冶湖表层沉积物-水中多环芳烃的分布、来源及风险评价[J].环境科学,2017,38(1):170-179.Zhang J Q,Hu T P,Xing X L,et al. Distribution,sources and risk assessment of the PAHs in the surface sediments and water from the Daye Lake[J]. Environmental Science,2017,38(1):170-179.
[20]蔡文良,罗固源,许晓毅,等.嘉陵江重庆段表层水体多环芳烃的污染特征[J].环境科学,2012,33(7):2341-2346.Cai W L,Luo G Y,Xu X Y,et al. Contamination characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in surface water from Jialing river in Chongqing[J]. Environmental Science,2012,33(7):2341-2346.
[21]张玉凤,吴金浩,宋永刚,等.辽东湾海水中PAHs分布与来源特征及风险评估[J].环境科学研究,2017,30(6):892-901.Zhang Y F,Wu J H,Song Y G,et al. Distribution,sources and ecological risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface seawater in Liaodong Bay, China[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2017,30(6):892-901.
[22]周婕成,陈振楼,毕春娟,等.温州城市河流中多环芳烃的污染特征及其来源[J].环境科学,2012,33(12):4226-4236.Zhou J C,Chen Z L,Bi C J,et al. Pollution characteristics and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban rivers of Wenzhou city[J]. Environmental Science,2012,33(12):4226-4236.
[23]王文岩,张娟,李雪芳,等.西安城郊水体中多环芳烃污染特征及来源辨析[J].干旱地区农业研究,2015,33(5):201-206.Wang W Y,Zhang J,Li X F,et al. Characteristics and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pollution in water of Xi'an outskirt regions[J]. Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2015,33(5):201-206.
[24]胡文,张海婷,张永敏,等.马鞍山市内河沉积物中多环芳烃分布特征、来源及生态风险[J].环境科技,2018,31(3):50-56.Hu W, Zhang H T, Zhang Y M, et al. Distribution characteristics,sources and ecological risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban rivers of Maanshan city[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2018,31(3):50-56.
[25] Ross J R M,Oros D R. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the San Francisco Estuary water column:sources, spatial distributions, and temporal trends(1993—2001)[J].Chemosphere,2004,57(8):909-920.
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