城市化背景下珠江三角洲典型湿地土壤多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量、来源与污染风险评价
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摘要
以我国珠江三角洲典型农村河流湿地(RRW)、城市河流湿地(URW)和人工湿地(CW)为研究对象,对比分析了湿地表层土壤中16种优控多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量、来源及毒性风险水平。结果表明,三类湿地表层土壤中16种∑PAHs的范围为625.0～789.2 ng·g~(-1),平均值为666.3 ng·g~(-1)。∑PAHs含量的总体分布趋势为CW(736.4 ng·g~(-1))>RRW(639.3 ng·g~(-1))>URW(625.0 ng·g~(-1)),其中RRW和URW以3-5环PAHs为主,三者的总比例占PAHs总量的81.42%和89.35%,CW中的2-5环PAHs含量均较高。三类湿地土壤的PAHs单体萘(Nap)、菲(Phe)和苯并[a]芘(Bap)含量较高,平均值分别为98.68 ng·g~(-1)、109.8 ng·g~(-1)和140.92 ng·g~(-1)。同分异构体的比率揭示出CW和URW中的PAHs主要来源于以煤为主的化石燃料(包括煤炭、石油等)燃烧,而RRW中的PAHs则源自煤、石油燃烧和石油排放的混合源。与国内外其他区域相比,三类湿地的∑PAHs累积量均处于中高度污染,单体芴(Fle)则存在一定的生物毒性。基于苯并[a]芘的毒性当量浓度(TEQBap)和风险商值法评价了土壤PAHs的生态风险,结果表明三类湿地土壤均呈中等生态风险水平,呈现CW>RRW>URW的趋势,69%的单体(包括Bap、Phe等)处于中等风险水平,苯并[a]芘(Bap)的毒性当量浓度最高,贡献最大。城市化背景下的人类活动给珠江河口湿地带来的不同程度的环境污染不容忽视,应当采取一定的措施进行恢复和整治。
Surface soil samples(0～10 cm)from a typical rural river wetland(RRW), an urban river wetland(URW)and an artificial wetland(CW)in the Pearl River Delta(PRD)were collected and analyzed using GC-MS to investigate the contents, sources and toxic risk levels of 16 kinds of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in these three wetlands. The results showed that the contents of 16 PAHs in the three types of wetland soils ranged from 625.0 to 789.2 ng·g~(-1), with an average of 666.3 ng·g~(-1). The mean PAHs levels of three types of wetland soils followed the order CW(736.4 ng·g~(-1))>RRW(639.3 ng·g~(-1))>URW(625 ng·g~(-1)), with higher percentages of 3, 4, and 5 ringed PAHs in RRW(81.42%)and URW(89.35%)soils and higher percentages of 2-4 ringed PAHs in CW soils. Among 16 kinds of PAHs,higher naphthalene(Nap), phenyl(Phe), and benzo [a] pyrene(Bap)contents were observed, with average values in the three types of wetlands being 98.68 ng·g~(-1), 109.8 ng·g~(-1) and 140.92 ng·g~(-1), respectively. The main sources of PAHs in CW and URW soils were derived from the combustion of coal-based fossil fuels(e.g., coal, oil, etc.), while in RRW soils, a mixed source of wood, oil, and other combustion and petroleum emissions was observed. According to the Maliszewska-Kordybach analysis method in the Netherlands, accumulations of PAHs in the three types of wetlands were all in the levels of moderate pollution, with some biotoxicity for fluorene(Fle). Ecological risks of PAHs were assessed using the soil benzo[a]pyrene(TEQBap)toxicity equivalent concentration and risk evaluation method for the commercial value of ecological risk of PAHs. The three kinds of wetland soils exhibited medium levels of ecological risks, following the order CW>RRW>URW, and 69% of the isomers(including the Bap, Phe, etc.)were at a medium risk level, while benzo[a]pyrene(Bap)toxicity equivalent concentration was the highest, with the biggest contribution to total toxicity equivalent concentration. The environmental pollution caused by human activities due to urbanization in the PRD cannot be ignored and certain measures should be taken for wetland recovery and remediation.
Surface soil samples(0～10 cm)from a typical rural river wetland(RRW), an urban river wetland(URW)and an artificial wetland(CW)in the Pearl River Delta(PRD)were collected and analyzed using GC-MS to investigate the contents, sources and toxic risk levels of 16 kinds of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in these three wetlands. The results showed that the contents of 16 PAHs in the three types of wetland soils ranged from 625.0 to 789.2 ng·g~(-1), with an average of 666.3 ng·g~(-1). The mean PAHs levels of three types of wetland soils followed the order CW(736.4 ng·g~(-1))>RRW(639.3 ng·g~(-1))>URW(625 ng·g~(-1)), with higher percentages of 3, 4, and 5 ringed PAHs in RRW(81.42%)and URW(89.35%)soils and higher percentages of 2-4 ringed PAHs in CW soils. Among 16 kinds of PAHs,higher naphthalene(Nap), phenyl(Phe), and benzo [a] pyrene(Bap)contents were observed, with average values in the three types of wetlands being 98.68 ng·g~(-1), 109.8 ng·g~(-1) and 140.92 ng·g~(-1), respectively. The main sources of PAHs in CW and URW soils were derived from the combustion of coal-based fossil fuels(e.g., coal, oil, etc.), while in RRW soils, a mixed source of wood, oil, and other combustion and petroleum emissions was observed. According to the Maliszewska-Kordybach analysis method in the Netherlands, accumulations of PAHs in the three types of wetlands were all in the levels of moderate pollution, with some biotoxicity for fluorene(Fle). Ecological risks of PAHs were assessed using the soil benzo[a]pyrene(TEQBap)toxicity equivalent concentration and risk evaluation method for the commercial value of ecological risk of PAHs. The three kinds of wetland soils exhibited medium levels of ecological risks, following the order CW>RRW>URW, and 69% of the isomers(including the Bap, Phe, etc.)were at a medium risk level, while benzo[a]pyrene(Bap)toxicity equivalent concentration was the highest, with the biggest contribution to total toxicity equivalent concentration. The environmental pollution caused by human activities due to urbanization in the PRD cannot be ignored and certain measures should be taken for wetland recovery and remediation.
引文
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[2]崔伟中.珠江河口滩涂湿地的问题及其保护研究[J].湿地科学,2004, 2(1):26-30.CUI Wei-zhong. Study on protection of mudflat wetland in the Pearl River Estuary[J]. Wetland Science, 2004, 2(1):26-30.
[3]邓培雁,陈桂珠,孙海燕.广东海岸湿地退化现状及保护对策[J].热带地理, 2004, 24(2):159-162.DENGPei-yan,CHENGui-zhu,SUNHai-yan.Degradationofthecoastal wetlands in Guangdong Province and counter measures[J]. Tropical geography, 2004, 24(2):159-162.
[4] Fu J M, Mai B X, Sheng G Y, et al. Persistent organic pollutants in environment of the Pearl River Delta, China:An overview[J]. Chemosphere, 2003, 52(9):1411-1422.
[5] Wild S R, Joned K C. Polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons in the United Kingdom environment:A preliminary source in inventory and budget[J]. Environment Pollution, 1995, 101:91-108.
[6]韩秋影,黄小平,施平,等.华南滨海湿地的退化趋势、原因及保护对策[J].科学通报, 2006, 51(增刊2):102-107.HAN Qiu-ying, HUANG Xiao-ping, SHI Ping, et al. Degradation trend, causes and protection measures of coastal wetlands in south China[J]. Science Bulletin, 2006, 51(Suppl2):102-107.
[7] Wilcke W. Polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in soil:A review[J]. The Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 2000, 163:229-248.
[8]肖蓉.珠江河口湿地土壤典型污染物污染特征及土壤退化评价[D].北京:北京师范大学, 2013.XIAO Rong. The characteristics of soil pollution and soil degradation assessment of typical pollutants in the Pearl River Estuary wetland[D].Beijing:Beijing Normal University, 2013
[9] Jones K C, Statford J A, Waterhouse K S, et al. Increases in the polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon content of an agricultural soil over the last century[J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 1989, 23:95-101.
[10]刘国卿.珠江三角洲地区多环芳烃的区域地球化学初步研究[D].广州:中国科学院广州地球化学研究, 2005.LIU Guo-qing. Regional geochemistry of PAHs in the Pearl River Delta region[D]. Guangzhou:Doctoral Dissertation, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2005.
[11] Yu G, Zhang Z, Yang G, et al. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban soils of Hangzhou:status, distribution, sources, and potential risk[J]. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 2014, 186(5):2775-2784.
[12] Lang Y, Wang N, Gao H, et al. Distribution and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)from Liao He Estuarine wetland soils[J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2012, 184(9):5545-5552.
[13] Nam J J, Song B H, Eom K C, et al. Distribution of polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbons in agricultural soils in South Korea[J]. Chemosphere,2003, 50:1281-1289.
[14] Masih A, Taneja A. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)concentrations and related carcinogenic potencies in soil at a semi-arid region of India[J]. Chemosphere, 2006, 65:449-456
[15] Suman S, Sinha A, Tarafdar A. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)concentration levels, pattern, source identification and soil toxicity assessment in urban traffic soil of Dhanbad, India[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2016, 545:353-360.
[16] Xu S, Liu W, Tao S. Emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in China[J]. Environmental Science&Technology, 2006, 40(3):702-708.
[17] Trapido M. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Estonian soil:contamination and profiles[J]. Environmental Pollution, 1999, 105:67-74.
[18]张天彬,杨国义,万洪富,等.东莞市土壤中多环芳烃的含量、代表物及其来源[J].土壤, 2005, 37(3):265-271.ZHANG Tian-bin, YANG Guo-yi, WAN Hong-fu, et al. Concentration, indicators, and origin of Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the surface soil in Dongguan[J]. Soil, 2005, 37(3):265-271.
[19]郝蓉,彭少麟,宋艳暾,等.汕头市经济特区土壤中优控多环芳烃的分布[J].生态环境, 2004, 13(3):323-326.HAO Rong, PENG Shao-lin, SONG Yan-tun, et al. Distribution of PAHs in soil in Shantou special economic zone[J]. Ecological Environment, 2004, 13(3):323-326.
[20] Bakker M I, Casado B, Koerselman J W. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil and plant samples from the vicinity of an oil refinery[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2000, 263:91-100.
[21] Mielke H W, Wang G, Gonzalesa C R, et al. PAH and metal mixtures in New Orleans soils and sediments[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2001, 281:217-227.
[22] Maliszewska-kordybach B. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in agricultural soils in Poland:Preliminary proposals for criteria to evaluate the level of soil contamination[J]. Applied Geochemistry, 1996, 11(1/2):121-127.
[23] Long E R, Macdonald D D, Smith S L, et al. Incidence of adverse biological effects within ranges of chemical concentrations in marine and estuarine sediments[J]. Environmental management, 1995, 19(1):81-97.
[24] Nisbet I C T, Lagoy P K. Toxic equivalency factors(TEFs)for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)[J]. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 1992, 16:290-300.
[25] Kalf D F, Crommentuijn T, Vandeplassche E J. Environment quality objectives for 10 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 1997, 36:89-97.
[26]曹治国,刘静玲,王雪梅,等.漳卫南运河地表水中溶解态多环芳烃的污染特征、风险评价与来源辨析[J].环境科学学报, 2010, 30(2):254-260.CAO Zhi-guo, LIU Jing-ling, WANG Xue-mei, et al. Pollution characteristics, risk evaluation and source discrimination of dissolved polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface water from the Zhangweinan River[J]. Journal of Environmental Science, 2010, 30(2):254-260.
[27] Mastral A M, Callén M S. A review on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon(PAH)emissions from energy generation[J]. Environmental Science&Technology, 2000, 34(15):3051-3057.
[28]冯嫣,吕永龙,焦文涛,等.北京市某废弃焦化厂不同车间土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)的分布特征及风险评价[J].生态毒理学报,2009, 4(3):399-407.FENG Yan, LüYong-long, JIAO Wen-tao, et al. Distribution and risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils from different workshops of an abandoned coking factory in Beijing[J]. Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology, 2009, 4(3):399-407.
[29]董捷,黄莹,李永霞,等.北方某大型钢铁企业表层土壤中多环芳烃污染特征与健康风险评价[J].环境科学, 2016, 37(9),3540-3546.DONG Jie, HUANG Ying, LI Yong-xia,et al. Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the surface soils of a large steel enterprise in the north of China[J]. Environmental Science, 2016, 37(9), 3540-3546.
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