海上泄漏事故中有机化学品的理化行为、生态危害与污染控制综述
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摘要
近几十年来,危险化学品的海上运输量不断增加,带来日益严重的泄漏风险,并危及海洋生态安全。但是,历史事件可作为未来有效应对海洋化学品泄漏事故的重要参考资料。因此,本文在统计29起典型海上泄漏事故案例相关信息基础上,对涉及的40种有机化学品在海洋中的环境行为、生态危害以及污染控制措施进行评述。主要结论如下:①根据入海后的物理行为,所有化学品(除了甲苯异氰酸酯与水反应外)划分为10类,其中,以沉降类(S)最多(14种),易使底栖生物受到较大暴露风险。具有易燃/易爆性、腐蚀性的有机化学品分别为27和21种;②综合考虑生物蓄积性、生物降解性、急性毒性和慢性毒性,筛选出林丹、莠去津等16种具有高海洋生态危害性的有机化学品;③大多数有机化学品缺少海洋生物慢性毒性数据,需要进行更多研究以便为应急响应提供充分依据。④针对海上泄漏事故的污染控制技术主要包括源强控制、海上有机化学品回收、自然分散稀释三类。今后应重视污染海域生态修复技术的研究。
During the last decades,there have been considerable developments in the maritime transport of hazardous materials.This leads to a growing risk of accidental spills of chemicals into the sea,which threatens the marine ecological security.However,historical incidents are first hand sources of information on how to effectively response to marine chemical incidents in future.Therefore,according to the statistics of information about 29 typical maritime cases,we review the physicochemical behaviors,ecological damage and pollution control measures of 40 organic chemicals after being spilled at sea.The main conclusions are as follows:(i) All chemicals are classified into 10 categories based on their physical behavior in contact with seawater,with the exception of toluene diisocyanate due to its reaction with water.Among them,the group of sinkers(S) is the largest one containing 14 species,having a greater exposure risk to marine benthos after leakage.There are 27 chemicals with the hazards of flammable and/or explosive and 21 with corrosive feature.(ii) Using a combination of criteria,i.e.,bioaccumulation,biodegradation,acute toxicity and/or chronic toxicity as a tool for assessing the ecological hazard,a list of priority chemicals containing 16 compounds including lindane and atrazine are proposed.(iii) Marine chronic toxicity data is lacking for most of the chemicals,and more research will be needed to provide scientific basis for emergency response decision-making.(iv)The pollution control techniques to accidental spills at sea mainly include stopping or reducing release/loss,salvaging organic chemicals and controlled releasing of source.More attention should be paid to study ecological remediation technologies in polluted area due to spills.
During the last decades,there have been considerable developments in the maritime transport of hazardous materials.This leads to a growing risk of accidental spills of chemicals into the sea,which threatens the marine ecological security.However,historical incidents are first hand sources of information on how to effectively response to marine chemical incidents in future.Therefore,according to the statistics of information about 29 typical maritime cases,we review the physicochemical behaviors,ecological damage and pollution control measures of 40 organic chemicals after being spilled at sea.The main conclusions are as follows:(i) All chemicals are classified into 10 categories based on their physical behavior in contact with seawater,with the exception of toluene diisocyanate due to its reaction with water.Among them,the group of sinkers(S) is the largest one containing 14 species,having a greater exposure risk to marine benthos after leakage.There are 27 chemicals with the hazards of flammable and/or explosive and 21 with corrosive feature.(ii) Using a combination of criteria,i.e.,bioaccumulation,biodegradation,acute toxicity and/or chronic toxicity as a tool for assessing the ecological hazard,a list of priority chemicals containing 16 compounds including lindane and atrazine are proposed.(iii) Marine chronic toxicity data is lacking for most of the chemicals,and more research will be needed to provide scientific basis for emergency response decision-making.(iv)The pollution control techniques to accidental spills at sea mainly include stopping or reducing release/loss,salvaging organic chemicals and controlled releasing of source.More attention should be paid to study ecological remediation technologies in polluted area due to spills.
引文
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[28] MARCHAND M.Chemical spills at sea:case studies[J].The Handbook of Hazardous Materials Spills Technology,2002,43:1-13.
[29] 吴艳娜.海上安全中人为因素的研究[D].大连:大连海事大学,2015.
[30] European Maritime Safety Agency.Summary overview of marine casualties and incidents 2011-2015[EB/OL].[2017-08-08].http://www.emsa.europa.eu/.
[31] HOLLAENDER K,STORRER T.The progression from Tetra-Ethyl lead to MTBE to ethanol:hidden dangers and unforeseen risk[J].Environmental Claims Journal,2014,26(4):333-347.
[32] NEUPARTH T,MOREIRA S,SANTOS M,et al.Hazardous and noxious substances (HNS) in the marine environment:prioritizing HNS that pose major risk in a European context[J].Marine pollution bulletin,2011,62(1):21-28.
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[35] BOETHLING R S,MACKAY D.Handbook of property estimation methods for chemicals:environmental health sciences[M].Boca Raton:CRC Press,2000.
[36] WANG Y,MENG F,LIN Y,et al.Four types of attenuation of phenol and cresols in microcosms under simulated marine conditions:A kinetic study[J].Chemosphere,2017,185:595-601.
[37] ROCHA A C,REIS-HENRIQUES M A,GALHANO V,et al.Toxicity of seven priority hazardous and noxious substances (HNSs) to marine organisms:current status,knowledge gaps and recommendations for future research[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,542:728-749.
[38] CUSHMAN J R,RAUSINA G A,CRUZAN G,et al.Ecotoxicity hazard assessment of styrene[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,1997,37(2):173-180.
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