农田汇水河道水生植物原位净化工程处理效果分析
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摘要
为了研究水生植物原位净化工程处理效果,于2017年5—11月,在江苏省泗洪县四河乡的农田汇水河道,利用水葫芦和绿狐尾藻构建组合生态浮床,沿着水流方向设置4个水质采样点,每月监测水体基本理化指标,主要包括水温(T)、酸碱度(pH)、溶解氧(DO)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、化学需氧量(COD_(Cr))、悬浮物(SS),分析河段水质沿程变化;在试验开始时、每次采收时监测单位面积植物生物量,干物质含量与氮磷含量,计算植物氮磷富集量。结果显示:植物种养后,沿程各采样点数据对比,水体pH值逐渐趋于中性;各采样时间数据对比,水体DO浓度呈升高趋势。在植物旺盛生长期(7—10月),组合生态浮床对河段水体TN、TP、COD和SS的沿程总消减率分别为50.41%～78.00%、44.62%～73.33%、46.15%～57.82%和33.33%～52.38%,其中最高值出现在8月。按照有效试验周期180 d(5—10月)计算,水葫芦的氮、磷去除量分别约为0.76 g·m~(-2)·d~(-1)和0.09 g·m~(-2)·d~(-1);绿狐尾藻的氮、磷去除量分别约为1.17 g·m~(-2)·d~(-1)和0.08 g·m~(-2)·d~(-1)。除了植物自身的吸收作用,根系微生物降解作用在污染物净化过程中也发挥了重要作用。在农田汇水河道原位净化工程中,水葫芦与绿狐尾藻组合生态浮床大幅消减水体氮磷浓度,有效降解有机物及拦截颗粒物,对于缓解下游水域富营养化问题具有积极的意义。
This study was designed to determine the efficiency of contaminants removal from a farmland catchment river via aquatic macrophytes growing on floating beds.A field experiment utilizing floating beds with Eichhornia crassipes(Mart.)Solms and Myriophyllum elatinoides Gaudich.was conducted in Sihong County,Jiangsu Province,China,from May to November in 2017.After plant cultivation,water samples were collected at 4 sites along the river.The physical and chemical indexes of the river,including temperature,pH,dissolved oxygen(DO),total nitrogen(TN),total phosphorous(TP),chemical oxygen demand(COD_(Cr)),and suspended solids(SS)were monitored every month during the experiment,to analyze changes in water quality along the river.Fresh weight,dry matter content,and N and P contents of the plants were monitored on May 11,June 11,August 7,September 13,and November 19,to calculate the amount of absorption of N and P in plant tissues.Based on the comparison of data among sampling points,pH tended to be neutral along the river.Based on the comparison of data of intermediate and initial period,DO concentration showed an increasing trend.During the vigorous growth phase of the aquatic plants(from July to October),the total removal rates of TN,TP,COD_(Cr )and SS in river water were 50.41%～78.00%,44.62%～73.33%,46.15%～57.82%and 33.33%～52.38%along the river,respectively,and the highest removal rates occurred in August.Based on calculations during the effective experimental cycle of 180 d(from May to October),the amounts of N and P removed by E.crassipes were 0.76 g·m~(-2)·d~(-1)and 0.09 g·m~(-2)·d~(-1),respectively;the amounts of N and P removed by M.elatinoides were 1.17 g·m~(-2)·d~(-1)and 0.08 g·m~(-2)·d~(-1),respectively.In addition to the assimilation by marcophytes,degradation by root microorganisms also played an important role in the purification of contaminants.These results indicate that ecological floating beds with E.crassipes and M.elatinoides can effectively decrease the concentrations of N and P,degrade organic contaminants and retain particulate matter,which have positive impacts on the alleviation of eutrophication in downstream waters.
This study was designed to determine the efficiency of contaminants removal from a farmland catchment river via aquatic macrophytes growing on floating beds.A field experiment utilizing floating beds with Eichhornia crassipes(Mart.)Solms and Myriophyllum elatinoides Gaudich.was conducted in Sihong County,Jiangsu Province,China,from May to November in 2017.After plant cultivation,water samples were collected at 4 sites along the river.The physical and chemical indexes of the river,including temperature,pH,dissolved oxygen(DO),total nitrogen(TN),total phosphorous(TP),chemical oxygen demand(COD_(Cr)),and suspended solids(SS)were monitored every month during the experiment,to analyze changes in water quality along the river.Fresh weight,dry matter content,and N and P contents of the plants were monitored on May 11,June 11,August 7,September 13,and November 19,to calculate the amount of absorption of N and P in plant tissues.Based on the comparison of data among sampling points,pH tended to be neutral along the river.Based on the comparison of data of intermediate and initial period,DO concentration showed an increasing trend.During the vigorous growth phase of the aquatic plants(from July to October),the total removal rates of TN,TP,COD_(Cr )and SS in river water were 50.41%～78.00%,44.62%～73.33%,46.15%～57.82%and 33.33%～52.38%along the river,respectively,and the highest removal rates occurred in August.Based on calculations during the effective experimental cycle of 180 d(from May to October),the amounts of N and P removed by E.crassipes were 0.76 g·m~(-2)·d~(-1)and 0.09 g·m~(-2)·d~(-1),respectively;the amounts of N and P removed by M.elatinoides were 1.17 g·m~(-2)·d~(-1)and 0.08 g·m~(-2)·d~(-1),respectively.In addition to the assimilation by marcophytes,degradation by root microorganisms also played an important role in the purification of contaminants.These results indicate that ecological floating beds with E.crassipes and M.elatinoides can effectively decrease the concentrations of N and P,degrade organic contaminants and retain particulate matter,which have positive impacts on the alleviation of eutrophication in downstream waters.
引文
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[2]Dowd B M,Press D,Huertos M L.Agricultural nonpoint source water pollution policy:The case of California’s Central Coast[J].Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2008,128(3):151-161.
[3]姚金玲,张克强,郭海刚,等.不同施肥方式下洱海流域水稻-大蒜轮作体系氮磷径流损失研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2017,36(11):2287-2296.YAO Jin-ling,ZHANG Ke-qiang,GUO Hai-gang,et al.Nitrogen and phosphorus runoff of losses during rice-garlic rotation in Erhai Lake basin under different fertilization methods[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2017,36(11):2287-2296.
[4]杨林章,周小平,王建国,等.用于农田非点源污染控制的生态拦截型沟渠系统及其效果[J].生态学杂志,2005,24(11):1371-1374.YANG Lin-zhang,ZHOU Xiao-ping,WANG Jian-guo,et al.Ecological ditch system with interception function and its effects on controlling farmland non-point pollution[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2005,24(11):1371-1374.
[5]Wu Y H,Kerr P G,Hu Z Y,et al.Eco-restoration:Simultaneous nutrient removal from soil and water in a complex residential-cropland area[J].Environmental Pollution,2010(158):2472-2477.
[6]Betuel M W,Newton C D,Brouillard E S,et al.Nitrate removal in surface-flow constructed wetlands treating dilute agricultural runoff in the lower Takima Basin,Washington[J].Ecological Engineering,2009,35(10):1538-1546.
[7]Borin M,Tocchetto D.Five year water and nitrogen balance for a constructed surface flow wetland treating agricultural drainage waters[J].Science of the Total Environment,2007,380(1/2/3):258-264.387
[8]刘福兴,宋祥甫,邹国燕,等.农村面源污染治理的“4R”理论与工程实践-水环境生态修复技术[J].农业环境科学学报,2013,32(11):2105-2111.LIU Fu-xing,SONG Xiang-fu,ZOU Guo-yan,et al.Reduce-RetainReuse-Restore technology for the controlling the agricultural nonpoint source pollution in countryside in China:Eco-restoration technology[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2013,32(11):2105-2111.
[9]杨帆,焉志远,刘赢男,等.松花江河滨湿地N、P净化功能研究[J].国土与自然资源研究,2014,6:58-60.YANG Fan,YAN Zhi-yuan,LIU Ying-nan,et al.Study on purification functions of riparian wetland on nitrogen and phosphorus[J].Territory&Natural Resources Study,2014,6:58-60.
[10]Wang Z,Zhang Z,Zhang Y,et al.Nitrogen removal from Lake Caohai,a typical ultra-eutrophic lake in China with large scale confined growth of Eichhornia crassipes[J].Chemosphere,2013,92(2):177-183.
[11]赵风斌,徐后涛,王丽卿,等.淀山湖沉水植物-苦草群落恢复影响因子研究[J].生态环境学报,2011,20(6/7):1097-1101.ZHAO Feng-bin,XU Hou-tao,WANG Li-qing,et al.Effects of environmental factors on Vallisneria natans restoration in Lake Dianshan[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2011,20(6/7):1097-1101.
[12]杨林章,施卫明,薛利红,等.农村面源污染治理的“4R”理论与工程实践-总体思路与“4R”治理技术[J].农业环境科学学报,2013,32(1):1-8.YANG Lin-zhang,SHI Wei-ming,XUE Li-hong,et al.Reduce-Retain-Reuse-Restore Technology for the controlling the agricultural non-point source pollution in countryside in China:General countermeasures and technologies[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2013,32(1):1-8.
[13]Reddy K R,Campbell K L,Graetz D A,et al.Use of biological filters for treating agricultural drainage effluents[J].Environment Quality,1982,11:591-595.
[14]李欲如.植物浮床技术对苏州古城区河水净化效果及规律研究[D].南京:河海大学,2006.LI Yu-ru.Purifying effects and rules research on river water in Suzhou ancient district by plant floating-bed technology[D].Nanjing:Hohai University,2006.
[15]秦红杰,张志勇,刘海琴,等.两种漂浮植物的生长特性及其水质净化作用[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(8):2470-2479.QIN Hong-jie,ZHANG Zhi-yong,LIU Hai-qin,et al.Growth characteristics and water purification of two free-floating macrphytes[J].China Environmental Science,2016,36(8):2470-2479.
[16]Yan S H,Song W,Guo J Y.Advances in management and utilization of invasive water hyacinth(Eichhornia crassipes)in aquatic ecosystems:A review[J].Critical Reviews in Biotechnology,2017,37(2):218-228
[17]张迎颖,严少华,刘海琴,等.富营养化水体生态修复技术中凤眼莲与磷素的互作机制[J].生态环境学报,2017,26(4):721-728.ZHANG Ying-ying,YAN Shao-hua,LIU Hai-qin,et al.Mechanism of interaction between Eichhornia crassipes and phosphorus in ecological-remediation technology of eutrophic water[J].Ecology and Envi-20197ronmental Sciences,2017,26(4):721-728.
[18]Hailer W T,Sutton D L.Effect of pH and high phosphorus concentrations on growth of water hyacinths[J].Hyacinth Control Journal,1973,11:59-61.
[19]Giraldo E,Garzón A.The potential for water hyacinth to improve the quality of Bogota River water in Mu?a Reservoir:Comparison with the performance of waste stabilization ponds[J].Water Science and Technology,2002,45(1):103-110.
[20]Rommens W,Maes J,Dekeza N,et al.The impact of water hyacinth(Eichhornia crassipes)in a eutrophic subtropical impoundment(Lake Chivero,Zimbabwe).I.Water quality[J].Archiv fur Hydrobiologie,2003,158(3):373-388.
[21]蔡雷鸣.福建闽江水口库区漂浮植物覆盖对水体环境的影响[J].湖泊科学,2006,18(3):250-254.CAI Lei-ming.Impact of floating vegetation in Shuikou Impoundment,Minjiang River,Fujian Province[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2006,18(3):250-254.
[22]Chunkao K,Nimpee C,Duangmal K.The King′s initiatives using water hyacinth to remove heavy metal and plant nutrients from wastewater through Bueng Makkasan in Bangkok,Thiland[J].Ecological Engineering,2012,39:40-52.
[23]Valipour A,Raman V K,Ahn Y H.Effectiveness of domestic wastewater treatment using a bio-hedge water hyacinth wetland system[J].Water,2015,7:329-347.
[24]刘锋,罗沛,刘新亮,等.绿狐尾藻生态湿地处理污染水体的研究评述[J].农业现代化研究,2018,39(6):1020-1029.LIU Feng,LUO Pei,LIU Xin-liang,et al.Research advances of Myriophyllum spp.-based wetland for wastewater treatment and resource utilization[J].Research of Agricultural Modernization,2018,39(6):1020-1029.
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