云南腾冲热泉中稀有金属矿化特征及其意义
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摘要
云南腾冲地区正在活动的热泉中普遍含有Li、Be、Rb、Cs等稀有金属和W、Sb、Tl、Mo等微量元素,以Li、Rb、Cs、W的富集最为显著。热泉中Li、Rb、Cs、W的平均值分别为2895.1μg/L、839.8μg/L、417.9μg/L、61.74μg/L,普遍高于Cu、Pb、Zn的含量(分别为13.6μg/L、0.24μg/L、6.83μg/L)。Au、Ag等贵金属和稀土元素的含量很低,基本上低于检出限。此外,温度越高的泉水稀有金属的含量也相应增高;而氦同位素资料表明,热泉中不但有幔源物质的供给,而且,随着幔源组分贡献的增大,稀有金属的含量明显升高。因此,热泉活动是可以导致稀有金属富集成矿的。鉴于腾冲地区水热活动广泛而强烈,近20年来不同年份热泉中Li的含量又是相对稳定的,可以认为热泉不但可以形成稀有金属矿床,而且速度是比较快的。每年随着水热活动带出的锂金属量可达500多吨,其成矿效果明显优于贵金属、稀土和铜铅锌等有色金属。研究热泉型稀有金属的成矿机制,对于我国西南三江地区寻找热液蚀变或热泉沉积型稀有金属矿床,具有重要的理论意义和现实意义。
There are rare metals such as Li, Be, Rb, Cs, Sb, Tl, Mo and other trace elements in active hot springs in Tengchong area of Yunnan Province. The enrichment of Li, Rb, Cs, W is the most significant, with the values of Li, Rb, Cs and W in hot springs averaged at 2895.1 μg/L, 839.8 μg/L, 417.9 μg/L and 61.74 μg/L, respectively, which are generally higher than those of Cu, Pb, Zn(13.6 μg/L, 0.24 μg/L and 6.83 μg/L respectively). The contents of precious metals and rare earth elements such as Au, Ag are very low, which are basically below the detection limit. In addition, the content of rare metals in spring water with higher temperature also increases, and helium isotope data show that there is not only the supply of mantle-derived materials in hot springs, but also the content of rare metals increases with the contribution of mantle-derived components. Therefore, hot spring activity can lead to the enrichment and mineralization of rare metals. In view of the extensive and intense hydrothermal activity in Tengchong area and the relatively stable content of Li in hot springs in recent 20 years, it can be concluded that hot springs can not only form rare metal deposits, but also have a relatively fast speed. The amount of lithium that comes out of hydrothermal activity can reach more than 500 tons a year. The ore-forming effect of rare metals by hot spring is better than that of precious metals, rare earth, copper, lead and zinc. It is of great theoretical and practical significance to study the metallogenic mechanism of hot spring rare metals in the search for hydrothermal alteration or hot spring sedimentary rare metal deposits in Sanjiang area of southwest China.
There are rare metals such as Li, Be, Rb, Cs, Sb, Tl, Mo and other trace elements in active hot springs in Tengchong area of Yunnan Province. The enrichment of Li, Rb, Cs, W is the most significant, with the values of Li, Rb, Cs and W in hot springs averaged at 2895.1 μg/L, 839.8 μg/L, 417.9 μg/L and 61.74 μg/L, respectively, which are generally higher than those of Cu, Pb, Zn(13.6 μg/L, 0.24 μg/L and 6.83 μg/L respectively). The contents of precious metals and rare earth elements such as Au, Ag are very low, which are basically below the detection limit. In addition, the content of rare metals in spring water with higher temperature also increases, and helium isotope data show that there is not only the supply of mantle-derived materials in hot springs, but also the content of rare metals increases with the contribution of mantle-derived components. Therefore, hot spring activity can lead to the enrichment and mineralization of rare metals. In view of the extensive and intense hydrothermal activity in Tengchong area and the relatively stable content of Li in hot springs in recent 20 years, it can be concluded that hot springs can not only form rare metal deposits, but also have a relatively fast speed. The amount of lithium that comes out of hydrothermal activity can reach more than 500 tons a year. The ore-forming effect of rare metals by hot spring is better than that of precious metals, rare earth, copper, lead and zinc. It is of great theoretical and practical significance to study the metallogenic mechanism of hot spring rare metals in the search for hydrothermal alteration or hot spring sedimentary rare metal deposits in Sanjiang area of southwest China.
引文
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Hu Yunzhong,Deng Jian,Guo Weiming.2002.Geologicalmetallogenesis of active hydrothermal fluid in Tengchong,Yunnan Province,China.Mineral Deposits,21(sup.):967～969 (in Chinese).
Jelena Obradovi?,Jelena Djurdjevi?-Colson,Neboj?a Vasi?.1997.Phytogenic lacustrine sedimentation-oil shales in Neogene from Serbia,Yugoslavia.Journal of Paleolimnology,18(4):351.
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Li Xiangquan,Hou Xinwei,Zhou Zhichao,Liu Lingxia,Wang Zhenxing,Jiang Liangwen,Du Yuben,Deng Hongke.2011.Isotopic characteristics of the main hot springs in southern Gaoligong Mountain.Geology in China,38(5):1347～1354(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liu Mingliang,Cao Yaowu,Wang Mingdai,Li Jiexiang,Guo Qinghai.2014.Source of Hydrochemicalcomposition and formation mechanism of Rehai geothermal water in Tengchong.Safety and Environmental Engineering,21(6):1～7(in Chinese with English abstract).
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Sano Y,Wakita H,1985.Geographical distribution of 3He/4He ratios in Japan:Implications for arc tectonics and incipient magmatism.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,90(B10).
Sano Y,Nishio Y,Sasaki S,Gamo T,Nagao K.1998.Helium andcarbon isotope systematics at Ontake volcano,Japan.Journal of Geophysics Research,103:23863～23873.
Shangguan Zhiguan,Sun Mingliang,Li Hengzhong.1999.Active types of modern geothermal fluids at the Tengchong region,Yunnan province.Seismology and Geology,21 (4):436～442(in Chinese with English abstract).
Sun S S,McDonough W F.1989.Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts:Implications for mantle composition and processes.Geological Society London Special Publications,42(1):313～345.
Sweet W E.1980.The geology and genesis of hectorite.In:Fife D L,Brown A R,eds.Hector,California,in Geology and Mineral Wealth of the California Desert.South Coast Geological Society,Santa Ana,Calif.,279～283.
Tong Wei,Zhang Mingtao.1989.Tengchong Geothermy.Beijing:Science Press,1～269 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang Denghong,Mao Jingwen.1996.Advances in the studies ofhelium isotopes geology.Geological Sciences and Technology Information,15(2):51～56(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang Denghong,Zou Tianren,Xu Zhigang,Yu Jinjie,Fu Xiaofang.2004.Advance in the study of using pegmatite deposits as the tracer of orogenic process.Advances in Earth Science,19(4):614～620(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang Denghong,Chen Yuchuan,Xu Jue,Zou Tianren,Xue Chunjin,Luo Junlie,et al.2005.Cenozoic mineralization in China.Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1～461.
Wang Denghong,Fu Xiaofang,Ying Hanlong.2007.Geochemistry and significance of modern hot-spring sinters in western Sichuan.Journal of Jilin University (Earth Science Edition),37(5):878～884(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang Xianbing,Xu Sheng,Chen Jianfa,Sun Mingliang,Xue Xiaofeng,Wang Wenyi.1993.Gas component and He isotopic features of hot-spring in Tengchong volcanic area.Chinese Science Bulletin,38(9):814～817(in Chinese).
Zhao Ciping.2008.Mantle-drived helium release characteristics and deep magma chamber activites of presernt day in the Tengchong volcanis area.PhD dissertation of Institute of Geology,China Earthquake Administration,1～127 (in Chinese with English summary).
胡云中,邓坚,郭唯明.2002.腾冲现代活动水热流体的地质成矿作用.矿床地质,21(增刊):967～969.
李向全,侯新伟,周志超,刘玲霞,王振兴,蒋良文,杜宇本,邓宏科.2011.高黎贡山南段主要热泉水化学同位素特征研究.中国地质,38(5):1347～1354.
刘明亮,曹耀武,王敏黛,李洁祥,郭清海.2014.腾冲热海热泉水化学组分来源及其形成机制探讨.安全与环境工程,21(6):1～7.
上官志冠,孙明良,李恒忠.1999.云南腾冲地区现代地热流体活动类型.地震地质,21(4):436～442.
佟伟,张铭陶.1989.腾冲地热.北京:科学出版社,1～269.
王登红,毛景文.1996.氦同位素地质研究进展.地质科技情报,15(2):51～56.
王登红,邹天人,徐志刚,余金杰,付小方.2004.伟晶岩矿产示踪造山过程的研究进展.地球科学进展,19(4):614～620.
王登红,陈毓川,徐珏,邹天人,薛春纪,罗君烈,等.2005.中国新生代成矿作用.北京:地质出版社,1～461.
王登红,付小方,应汉龙.2007.四川西部现代热泉沉积物地球化学特征的初步研究及意义.吉林大学学报(地球科学版),37(5):878～883.
王先彬,徐胜,陈践发,孙明良,薛啸峰,王文懿.1993.腾冲火山区温泉气体组分和氦同位素组成特征.科学通报,38(9):814～817.
赵慈平.2008.腾冲火山区现代幔源氦释放特征及深部岩浆活动研究.北京:中国地震局地质研究所博士学位论文.
? 胡云中,郭唯明,王海平,张天乐,林盛中,陈淑卿.2001.陆壳现代活动热流体系(内部报告).1～85.
Craig H,Lupton J E,Welhan J A.1978.Helium isotope ratios in Yellowstone and Lassen Park volcanic gases.Geophysical Research Letters,5:897.
Glanzman R K,Mc Carthy H,Rytuba J J.1978.Lithium in the McDermitt caldera,Nevada and Oregon.Energy,3:347～353.
Hilton D R,Hammerschmidt K,Teufel S,Friedrichsen H.1993.Helium isotope characteristics of Andean geothermal fluids and lavas.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,120:265～282.
Hu Yunzhong,Deng Jian,Guo Weiming.2002.Geologicalmetallogenesis of active hydrothermal fluid in Tengchong,Yunnan Province,China.Mineral Deposits,21(sup.):967～969 (in Chinese).
Jelena Obradovi?,Jelena Djurdjevi?-Colson,Neboj?a Vasi?.1997.Phytogenic lacustrine sedimentation-oil shales in Neogene from Serbia,Yugoslavia.Journal of Paleolimnology,18(4):351.
Jones G C,2007.Jadarite,LiNaSiB3O7(OH),a new mineral species from the Jadar Basin,Serbia.European Journal of Mineralogy,19(4):575～580.
Kesler S E.2012.Global lithium resources:relative importance of pegmatite,brine and other deposits.Ore Geol.Rev.,48:55～69.
Li Xiangquan,Hou Xinwei,Zhou Zhichao,Liu Lingxia,Wang Zhenxing,Jiang Liangwen,Du Yuben,Deng Hongke.2011.Isotopic characteristics of the main hot springs in southern Gaoligong Mountain.Geology in China,38(5):1347～1354(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liu Mingliang,Cao Yaowu,Wang Mingdai,Li Jiexiang,Guo Qinghai.2014.Source of Hydrochemicalcomposition and formation mechanism of Rehai geothermal water in Tengchong.Safety and Environmental Engineering,21(6):1～7(in Chinese with English abstract).
Rossi J E.2010.Technical report stage II (South Lens) resource estimate,Kings Valley project,Orovada,Humboldt County,Nevada,USA.Geosystems International Stage,NI 42～101.
Rudnick R L,Tomascak P B,Njo H B.2004.Extreme lithium isotopic fractionation during continental weathering revealed in saprolites from South Carolina.Chemical Geology,212(1-2):1～57.
Sano Y,Wakita H,1985.Geographical distribution of 3He/4He ratios in Japan:Implications for arc tectonics and incipient magmatism.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,90(B10).
Sano Y,Nishio Y,Sasaki S,Gamo T,Nagao K.1998.Helium andcarbon isotope systematics at Ontake volcano,Japan.Journal of Geophysics Research,103:23863～23873.
Shangguan Zhiguan,Sun Mingliang,Li Hengzhong.1999.Active types of modern geothermal fluids at the Tengchong region,Yunnan province.Seismology and Geology,21 (4):436～442(in Chinese with English abstract).
Sun S S,McDonough W F.1989.Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts:Implications for mantle composition and processes.Geological Society London Special Publications,42(1):313～345.
Sweet W E.1980.The geology and genesis of hectorite.In:Fife D L,Brown A R,eds.Hector,California,in Geology and Mineral Wealth of the California Desert.South Coast Geological Society,Santa Ana,Calif.,279～283.
Tong Wei,Zhang Mingtao.1989.Tengchong Geothermy.Beijing:Science Press,1～269 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang Denghong,Mao Jingwen.1996.Advances in the studies ofhelium isotopes geology.Geological Sciences and Technology Information,15(2):51～56(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang Denghong,Zou Tianren,Xu Zhigang,Yu Jinjie,Fu Xiaofang.2004.Advance in the study of using pegmatite deposits as the tracer of orogenic process.Advances in Earth Science,19(4):614～620(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang Denghong,Chen Yuchuan,Xu Jue,Zou Tianren,Xue Chunjin,Luo Junlie,et al.2005.Cenozoic mineralization in China.Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1～461.
Wang Denghong,Fu Xiaofang,Ying Hanlong.2007.Geochemistry and significance of modern hot-spring sinters in western Sichuan.Journal of Jilin University (Earth Science Edition),37(5):878～884(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang Xianbing,Xu Sheng,Chen Jianfa,Sun Mingliang,Xue Xiaofeng,Wang Wenyi.1993.Gas component and He isotopic features of hot-spring in Tengchong volcanic area.Chinese Science Bulletin,38(9):814～817(in Chinese).
Zhao Ciping.2008.Mantle-drived helium release characteristics and deep magma chamber activites of presernt day in the Tengchong volcanis area.PhD dissertation of Institute of Geology,China Earthquake Administration,1～127 (in Chinese with English summary).
胡云中,邓坚,郭唯明.2002.腾冲现代活动水热流体的地质成矿作用.矿床地质,21(增刊):967～969.
李向全,侯新伟,周志超,刘玲霞,王振兴,蒋良文,杜宇本,邓宏科.2011.高黎贡山南段主要热泉水化学同位素特征研究.中国地质,38(5):1347～1354.
刘明亮,曹耀武,王敏黛,李洁祥,郭清海.2014.腾冲热海热泉水化学组分来源及其形成机制探讨.安全与环境工程,21(6):1～7.
上官志冠,孙明良,李恒忠.1999.云南腾冲地区现代地热流体活动类型.地震地质,21(4):436～442.
佟伟,张铭陶.1989.腾冲地热.北京:科学出版社,1～269.
王登红,毛景文.1996.氦同位素地质研究进展.地质科技情报,15(2):51～56.
王登红,邹天人,徐志刚,余金杰,付小方.2004.伟晶岩矿产示踪造山过程的研究进展.地球科学进展,19(4):614～620.
王登红,陈毓川,徐珏,邹天人,薛春纪,罗君烈,等.2005.中国新生代成矿作用.北京:地质出版社,1～461.
王登红,付小方,应汉龙.2007.四川西部现代热泉沉积物地球化学特征的初步研究及意义.吉林大学学报(地球科学版),37(5):878～883.
王先彬,徐胜,陈践发,孙明良,薛啸峰,王文懿.1993.腾冲火山区温泉气体组分和氦同位素组成特征.科学通报,38(9):814～817.
赵慈平.2008.腾冲火山区现代幔源氦释放特征及深部岩浆活动研究.北京:中国地震局地质研究所博士学位论文.
? 胡云中,郭唯明,王海平,张天乐,林盛中,陈淑卿.2001.陆壳现代活动热流体系(内部报告).1～85.
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