全球海洋治理背景下对蓝色伙伴关系的思考
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摘要
本文从全球海洋治理供给现状入手,结合治理困境和挑战,基于伙伴关系的发展历程和特点,分析蓝色伙伴关系及相关海洋合作伙伴关系对全球海洋治理的贡献。当前,全球海洋治理面临来自生态环境恶化、人类用海强度增加和气候变化影响加剧的严峻挑战,受到不利国际政治环境的影响,治理能力和水平无法匹配不断增长的治理需求。面对复杂的治理问题和碎片化的治理行动,伙伴关系,作为一种新型治理模式,成为构建国际、区域、国家、地方多层级联动的,政府、非政府主体积极互动的一体化海洋治理的关键途径,是补充、联合和加强政府主体责任和政府间主体责任的重要手段。中国政府提出的蓝色伙伴关系倡议,具有开放包容、具体务实和互利共赢的特点,符合国际可持续发展潮流,与全球发展纲领文件《变革我们的世界:2030年可持续发展议程》的理念和精神高度契合。构建蓝色伙伴关系是在海洋这一全球治理的具体领域践行构建全方位伙伴关系总体思路的有力举措,也是促进在海洋领域落实联合国可持续发展目标,推进全球海洋治理联合行动的重要途径。
The paper aims to identify the contribution of The Blue Partnership and related marine partnerships to global ocean governance based on a brief analysis of the challenges faced by global ocean governance as well as the history and characteristics of these partnerships. At present,accelerating environmental degradation,increasing human activities and intensifying climate change impacts are severe challenges faced by existing governance regime. Moreover,the efforts on enhancing global ocean governance is restricted by unfavorable international political environment and increasing governing complexity caused by decentralized governance entities and fragmented governance actions. In such a context,partnership,as a new type of governance model,would be a key approach to realize integrated ocean governance by coordinating governmental and non-governmental entities in multiple levels and as an important method to supplement,consolidate and reinforce governmental and intergovernmental governing responsibility. The Blue Partnership Initiative proposed by the Chinese government is characterized by open and inclusive,concrete and pragmatic,and mutual beneficial,which is highly consistent with the spirit of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The establishment of The Blue Partnership is an important measure to implement the general framework of building all-round partnership in field of international ocean governance and a key facilitator to implement United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and promote collective actions on strengthening global ocean governance.
The paper aims to identify the contribution of The Blue Partnership and related marine partnerships to global ocean governance based on a brief analysis of the challenges faced by global ocean governance as well as the history and characteristics of these partnerships. At present,accelerating environmental degradation,increasing human activities and intensifying climate change impacts are severe challenges faced by existing governance regime. Moreover,the efforts on enhancing global ocean governance is restricted by unfavorable international political environment and increasing governing complexity caused by decentralized governance entities and fragmented governance actions. In such a context,partnership,as a new type of governance model,would be a key approach to realize integrated ocean governance by coordinating governmental and non-governmental entities in multiple levels and as an important method to supplement,consolidate and reinforce governmental and intergovernmental governing responsibility. The Blue Partnership Initiative proposed by the Chinese government is characterized by open and inclusive,concrete and pragmatic,and mutual beneficial,which is highly consistent with the spirit of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The establishment of The Blue Partnership is an important measure to implement the general framework of building all-round partnership in field of international ocean governance and a key facilitator to implement United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and promote collective actions on strengthening global ocean governance.
引文
(1)中国代表团于2017年6月7日在联合国海洋大会全体会议上的发言。
(1)“Global Environmental Outlook 5-Environment for The Future We Want”,UNEP,2012,p.111,https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/8021/GEO5_report_full_en.pdf?sequence=5&isAllowed=y.
(2)“The First Global Integrated Marine Assessment,Part 1Summary”,United Nations,2016,p.7,http://120.52.51.15/www.un.org/depts/los/global_reporting/WOA_RPROC/Summary.pdf.
(3)Jenna R.Jambeck et al.,“Plastic Waste Inputs from Land into the Ocean”,Science,Vol.347,Issue 6223,2016,pp.768-771.
(4)Erik V.Sebille et al.,“A Global Inventory of Small Floating Plastic Debris”,Environmental Research Letter,Vol.10,No.12,2015,pp.1-11.
(1)Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC),Climate Change 2013:The Physical Science Basis,Cambridge University Press,2014,pp.294,528.
(2)Clive Wilkinson et al.,“Chapter 43.Tropical and Sub-Tropical Coral Reefs”,The First Global Integrated Marine Assessment,United Nations,2016,p.6.
(3)Erik Cordes et al.,“Chapter 42.Cold-Water Corals”,The First Global Integrated Marine Assessment,United Nations,2016,p.7,http://120.52.51.16/www.un.org/depts/los/global_reporting/WOA_RPROC/Chapter_42.pdf.
(4)Clive Wilkinson and David Souter,.“Status of Caribbean Coral Reefs after Bleaching and Hurricanes in 2005”,Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network and Reef and Rainforest Research Centre,2008,p.148,https://www.icriforum.org/sites/default/files/Caribbean_Status_Report_2005.pdf.
(5)Edward L.Miles,“The Concept of Ocean Governance:Evolution toward the 21 Century and the Principle of Sustainable Ocean Use”,Coastal Management,Vol.27,No 1.1999,pp.1-30.
(6)European Commission“Consultation on International Ocean Governance”,https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/consultationocean-governance-consultation-document_en.pdf.
(7)Awni Behnam,“An Introduction to the Imperatives of Governance and Policy Formulations in Managing Human Relationship with Ocean and Seas.International Ocean Institute”(course given during2018 IOI Training Programme on Regional Ocean Governance).
(8)王琪、崔野:“将全球治理引入海洋领域---论全球海洋治理的基本问题与我国的应对策略”,《太平洋学报》,2015年第6期,第20页。
(9)同(5)。
(1)European Commission and High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy,“International Ocean Governance:an Agenda for the Future of Our Oceans”(10.11.2016 Join(2016)49 final),EUROPA,2016,https://ec.europa.eu/maritimeaffairs/sites/maritimeaffairs/files/join-2016-49_en.pdf.
(2)European Commission and High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy,“International Ocean Governance:an Agenda for the Future of Our Oceans”(10.11.2016 Join(2016)49 final),EUROPA,2016,https://ec.europa.eu/maritimeaffairs/sites/maritimeaffairs/files/join-2016-49_en.pdf;Martin Visbeck et al.,“A Sustainable Development Goal for the Ocean and Coasts:Global Ocean Challenges Benefit from Regional Initiatives Supporting Globally Coordinated Solutions”,Marine Policy,Vol.49,2014,pp.87-89;庞中英:“在全球层次治理海洋问题---关于全球海洋治理的理论与实践”,《社会科学》,2018年第9期,第3-11页。
(3)“可持续发展问题世界首脑会议的报告”(A/CONF.199/20*.),联合国网站,2002年,https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N02/636/92/pdf/N0263692.pdf?OpenElement。
(4)参见《世界渔业和水产养殖状况2018》,联合国粮食及农业组织,2018年版。
(5)参见《防止倾倒废弃物及其他物质污染海洋的公约》(又称1972伦敦公约),1972年签订,1975年生效。
(6)参见《国际防止船舶造成污染公约》(MARPOL 73/78公约),1973年签订,1983年生效。
(7)刘岩等著:《世界海洋生态环境保护现状与发展趋势研究》,海洋出版社,2017年版,第89页。
(1)任琳:“谁制造了‘全球治理之殇’”,《世界知识》,2018年第21期,第50-51页。
(2)黄超:“2030年可持续发展议程框架下官方发展援助的变革”,《国际展望》,2016年第2期,第78-93页。
(3)袁莎、郭翠芳:“全球海洋治理:主体合作的进化”,《社会科学文摘》,2018年第8期,第14-16页。.
(4)[加]E.M.鲍基斯著,孙清等译:《海洋管理与联合国》,海洋出版社,1996年版,第57-60页。
(1)《我们期望的未来》(A/RES/66/288*),联合国网站,2012年,https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N11/476/09/pdf/N1147609.pdf.
(2)“Multi-stakeholder Partnerships and Voluntary Commitments”,Sustainable Development Goals Knowledge Platform,https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdinaction.
(3)同(1)。
(4)“Multi-stakeholder Partnerships and Voluntary Commitments”,Sustainable Development Goals Knowledge Platform,https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdinaction.
(5)《变革我们的世界:2030年可持续发展议程》(A/RES/70/1),联合国网站,2015年,https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N15/291/88/pdf/N1529188.pdf.
(1)Chua Thia-Eng,Chou Loke Ming ed.,Local Contributions to Global Agenda:Cases Studies in Integrated Coastal Management,PEMSEA,2017.
(2)Philippe Sands,Jacqueline Peel,Adriana Fabra and Ruth MacK enzie,Principles of International Environmental Law,Cambridge University Press,2012,p.86.
(3)刘岩等著:《世界海洋生态环境保护现状与发展趋势研究》,海洋出版社,2017年版,第111页。.
(4)《我们希望的未来》(A/RES/66/288*),联合国网站,2012年,https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N11/476/09/pdf/N1147609.pdf.
(5)截止2017年6月9日会议结束,联合国海洋大会共登记1 379个自愿承诺。会后自愿承诺登记继续开放,截止撰稿日期2018年10月,会议共登记自愿承诺1 459个。
(6)根据联合国大会第70/226号决议和第70/303号决议,为推进关于海洋和海岸带的可持续发展目标14的落实、配合世界海洋日活动,联合国海洋大会于2017年6月5日至9日在美国纽约联合国总部举行。会议由斐济和瑞典政府共同主办,来自178个国家及欧盟、相关政府间组织、非政府组织、企业界、民间组织和主要团体的代表参加了大会和会间各类活动。会议召开了全体会议、伙伴关系对话会和各种主题的边会;举办了6.8海洋日特别庆典;经成员国协商一致通过了会议成果文件《我们的海洋,我们的未来:行动呼吁》;伙伴关系对话会联合主席发布了对话会概念文件和对话总结,并且以各国政府、政府间组织、非政府组织、学术机构、民间团体的名义登记了1 379项自愿承诺。
(1)《2030年议程》在序言中宣称,“我们决心动用必要的手段来执行这一决议,本着加强全球团结的精神,在所有国家、所有利益攸关方和全体人民参与的情况下,恢复全球可持续发展伙伴关系的活力,尤其注重满足最贫困最弱势群体的需求”;宣言第4段提出,“在踏上这一共同征途时,我们保证,绝不让任何一个人掉队……我们将首先尽力帮助落在最后面的人”。
(2)2017年9月21日,“中国-小岛屿国家海洋部长圆桌会议”在福建平潭举行,中国与来自12个小岛屿国家的政府代表签署了《平潭宣言》,就共建蓝色伙伴关系、提升海洋合作水平达成共识。2017年11月3日,原国家海洋局与葡萄牙海洋部签署《中华人民共和国国家海洋局与葡萄牙共和国海洋部关于建立“蓝色伙伴关系”概念文件及海洋合作联合行动计划框架》。2018年7月16日,中国与欧盟签署《中华人民共和国和欧洲联盟关于为促进海洋治理、渔业可持续发展和海洋经济繁荣在海洋领域建立蓝色伙伴关系的宣言》。2018年9月1日,中国自然资源部与塞舌尔环境、能源与气候变化部签署《中华人民共和国自然资源部与塞舌尔共和国环境、能源和气候变化部关于面向蓝色伙伴关系的海洋领域合作谅解备忘录》。
(3)“全球海洋治理体系的塑造力明显提升”,《中国海洋报》,2018年1月22日。
(4)参见中国代表团于2017年6月7日在联合国海洋大会全体会议上的发言。
(1)朱璇、裘婉飞、郑苗壮:“小岛国参与国际海洋治理的身份、目的与策略初探”,《中国海洋大学学报》(社会科学版),2018年第5期,第68-76页。
(2)参见中国代表团于2017年6月5日在联合国海洋大会主题边会上的主旨发言---《构建蓝色伙伴关系促进全球海洋治理》。
(3)Kevin A.Hughesa,Andrew Constableb,et al.,“Antarctic Environmental Protection:Strengthening the Links between Science and Governance,Environmental Science and Policy”,Environmental Science and Policy,Vol.83,2018,pp.86-95.
(1)“Global Environmental Outlook 5-Environment for The Future We Want”,UNEP,2012,p.111,https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/8021/GEO5_report_full_en.pdf?sequence=5&isAllowed=y.
(2)“The First Global Integrated Marine Assessment,Part 1Summary”,United Nations,2016,p.7,http://120.52.51.15/www.un.org/depts/los/global_reporting/WOA_RPROC/Summary.pdf.
(3)Jenna R.Jambeck et al.,“Plastic Waste Inputs from Land into the Ocean”,Science,Vol.347,Issue 6223,2016,pp.768-771.
(4)Erik V.Sebille et al.,“A Global Inventory of Small Floating Plastic Debris”,Environmental Research Letter,Vol.10,No.12,2015,pp.1-11.
(1)Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC),Climate Change 2013:The Physical Science Basis,Cambridge University Press,2014,pp.294,528.
(2)Clive Wilkinson et al.,“Chapter 43.Tropical and Sub-Tropical Coral Reefs”,The First Global Integrated Marine Assessment,United Nations,2016,p.6.
(3)Erik Cordes et al.,“Chapter 42.Cold-Water Corals”,The First Global Integrated Marine Assessment,United Nations,2016,p.7,http://120.52.51.16/www.un.org/depts/los/global_reporting/WOA_RPROC/Chapter_42.pdf.
(4)Clive Wilkinson and David Souter,.“Status of Caribbean Coral Reefs after Bleaching and Hurricanes in 2005”,Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network and Reef and Rainforest Research Centre,2008,p.148,https://www.icriforum.org/sites/default/files/Caribbean_Status_Report_2005.pdf.
(5)Edward L.Miles,“The Concept of Ocean Governance:Evolution toward the 21 Century and the Principle of Sustainable Ocean Use”,Coastal Management,Vol.27,No 1.1999,pp.1-30.
(6)European Commission“Consultation on International Ocean Governance”,https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/consultationocean-governance-consultation-document_en.pdf.
(7)Awni Behnam,“An Introduction to the Imperatives of Governance and Policy Formulations in Managing Human Relationship with Ocean and Seas.International Ocean Institute”(course given during2018 IOI Training Programme on Regional Ocean Governance).
(8)王琪、崔野:“将全球治理引入海洋领域---论全球海洋治理的基本问题与我国的应对策略”,《太平洋学报》,2015年第6期,第20页。
(9)同(5)。
(1)European Commission and High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy,“International Ocean Governance:an Agenda for the Future of Our Oceans”(10.11.2016 Join(2016)49 final),EUROPA,2016,https://ec.europa.eu/maritimeaffairs/sites/maritimeaffairs/files/join-2016-49_en.pdf.
(2)European Commission and High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy,“International Ocean Governance:an Agenda for the Future of Our Oceans”(10.11.2016 Join(2016)49 final),EUROPA,2016,https://ec.europa.eu/maritimeaffairs/sites/maritimeaffairs/files/join-2016-49_en.pdf;Martin Visbeck et al.,“A Sustainable Development Goal for the Ocean and Coasts:Global Ocean Challenges Benefit from Regional Initiatives Supporting Globally Coordinated Solutions”,Marine Policy,Vol.49,2014,pp.87-89;庞中英:“在全球层次治理海洋问题---关于全球海洋治理的理论与实践”,《社会科学》,2018年第9期,第3-11页。
(3)“可持续发展问题世界首脑会议的报告”(A/CONF.199/20*.),联合国网站,2002年,https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N02/636/92/pdf/N0263692.pdf?OpenElement。
(4)参见《世界渔业和水产养殖状况2018》,联合国粮食及农业组织,2018年版。
(5)参见《防止倾倒废弃物及其他物质污染海洋的公约》(又称1972伦敦公约),1972年签订,1975年生效。
(6)参见《国际防止船舶造成污染公约》(MARPOL 73/78公约),1973年签订,1983年生效。
(7)刘岩等著:《世界海洋生态环境保护现状与发展趋势研究》,海洋出版社,2017年版,第89页。
(1)任琳:“谁制造了‘全球治理之殇’”,《世界知识》,2018年第21期,第50-51页。
(2)黄超:“2030年可持续发展议程框架下官方发展援助的变革”,《国际展望》,2016年第2期,第78-93页。
(3)袁莎、郭翠芳:“全球海洋治理:主体合作的进化”,《社会科学文摘》,2018年第8期,第14-16页。.
(4)[加]E.M.鲍基斯著,孙清等译:《海洋管理与联合国》,海洋出版社,1996年版,第57-60页。
(1)《我们期望的未来》(A/RES/66/288*),联合国网站,2012年,https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N11/476/09/pdf/N1147609.pdf.
(2)“Multi-stakeholder Partnerships and Voluntary Commitments”,Sustainable Development Goals Knowledge Platform,https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdinaction.
(3)同(1)。
(4)“Multi-stakeholder Partnerships and Voluntary Commitments”,Sustainable Development Goals Knowledge Platform,https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdinaction.
(5)《变革我们的世界:2030年可持续发展议程》(A/RES/70/1),联合国网站,2015年,https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N15/291/88/pdf/N1529188.pdf.
(1)Chua Thia-Eng,Chou Loke Ming ed.,Local Contributions to Global Agenda:Cases Studies in Integrated Coastal Management,PEMSEA,2017.
(2)Philippe Sands,Jacqueline Peel,Adriana Fabra and Ruth MacK enzie,Principles of International Environmental Law,Cambridge University Press,2012,p.86.
(3)刘岩等著:《世界海洋生态环境保护现状与发展趋势研究》,海洋出版社,2017年版,第111页。.
(4)《我们希望的未来》(A/RES/66/288*),联合国网站,2012年,https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N11/476/09/pdf/N1147609.pdf.
(5)截止2017年6月9日会议结束,联合国海洋大会共登记1 379个自愿承诺。会后自愿承诺登记继续开放,截止撰稿日期2018年10月,会议共登记自愿承诺1 459个。
(6)根据联合国大会第70/226号决议和第70/303号决议,为推进关于海洋和海岸带的可持续发展目标14的落实、配合世界海洋日活动,联合国海洋大会于2017年6月5日至9日在美国纽约联合国总部举行。会议由斐济和瑞典政府共同主办,来自178个国家及欧盟、相关政府间组织、非政府组织、企业界、民间组织和主要团体的代表参加了大会和会间各类活动。会议召开了全体会议、伙伴关系对话会和各种主题的边会;举办了6.8海洋日特别庆典;经成员国协商一致通过了会议成果文件《我们的海洋,我们的未来:行动呼吁》;伙伴关系对话会联合主席发布了对话会概念文件和对话总结,并且以各国政府、政府间组织、非政府组织、学术机构、民间团体的名义登记了1 379项自愿承诺。
(1)《2030年议程》在序言中宣称,“我们决心动用必要的手段来执行这一决议,本着加强全球团结的精神,在所有国家、所有利益攸关方和全体人民参与的情况下,恢复全球可持续发展伙伴关系的活力,尤其注重满足最贫困最弱势群体的需求”;宣言第4段提出,“在踏上这一共同征途时,我们保证,绝不让任何一个人掉队……我们将首先尽力帮助落在最后面的人”。
(2)2017年9月21日,“中国-小岛屿国家海洋部长圆桌会议”在福建平潭举行,中国与来自12个小岛屿国家的政府代表签署了《平潭宣言》,就共建蓝色伙伴关系、提升海洋合作水平达成共识。2017年11月3日,原国家海洋局与葡萄牙海洋部签署《中华人民共和国国家海洋局与葡萄牙共和国海洋部关于建立“蓝色伙伴关系”概念文件及海洋合作联合行动计划框架》。2018年7月16日,中国与欧盟签署《中华人民共和国和欧洲联盟关于为促进海洋治理、渔业可持续发展和海洋经济繁荣在海洋领域建立蓝色伙伴关系的宣言》。2018年9月1日,中国自然资源部与塞舌尔环境、能源与气候变化部签署《中华人民共和国自然资源部与塞舌尔共和国环境、能源和气候变化部关于面向蓝色伙伴关系的海洋领域合作谅解备忘录》。
(3)“全球海洋治理体系的塑造力明显提升”,《中国海洋报》,2018年1月22日。
(4)参见中国代表团于2017年6月7日在联合国海洋大会全体会议上的发言。
(1)朱璇、裘婉飞、郑苗壮:“小岛国参与国际海洋治理的身份、目的与策略初探”,《中国海洋大学学报》(社会科学版),2018年第5期,第68-76页。
(2)参见中国代表团于2017年6月5日在联合国海洋大会主题边会上的主旨发言---《构建蓝色伙伴关系促进全球海洋治理》。
(3)Kevin A.Hughesa,Andrew Constableb,et al.,“Antarctic Environmental Protection:Strengthening the Links between Science and Governance,Environmental Science and Policy”,Environmental Science and Policy,Vol.83,2018,pp.86-95.