英汉语小句结构对比研究
|
摘要
基于功能句法理论,本文对英汉语小句结构进行了对比研究,涉及小句潜势结构组成、结构成分的语义功能、体现形式、语义及句法特点、句法分布等多个维度。研究发现:英汉语小句潜势结构组成大致相同;英汉语中,主语、主要动词/谓体、补语和状语均为决定小句结构的主要成分;相同结构成分的语义功能基本一致,但是它们的体现形式、语义及句法特点、分布格局等不尽相同,这说明英汉语存在句法运作机制上的不同。
Based on the theory of functional syntax, this paper makes a contrastive study of English and Chinese clause structures in different dimensions, including semantic functions, syntactic realizations, semantic and syntactic features, syntactic distribution, and so on. The result shows that English and Chinese clauses have similar potential elements; that the subject, main verb/predicator, complement, and adjunct are the main elements in English and Chinese clauses; and that the similar elements in the English and the Chinese clauses are similarly functionally motivated, but their realizations and positions in the clauses may be different, which reveals the fact that English and Chinese clauses involve different mechanisms in certain respects.
Based on the theory of functional syntax, this paper makes a contrastive study of English and Chinese clause structures in different dimensions, including semantic functions, syntactic realizations, semantic and syntactic features, syntactic distribution, and so on. The result shows that English and Chinese clauses have similar potential elements; that the subject, main verb/predicator, complement, and adjunct are the main elements in English and Chinese clauses; and that the similar elements in the English and the Chinese clauses are similarly functionally motivated, but their realizations and positions in the clauses may be different, which reveals the fact that English and Chinese clauses involve different mechanisms in certain respects.
引文
(1) Otto Jespersen.The Philosophy of Grammar[M].London:George Allen and Unwin LTD,1924.
(2) Randolph Quirk,et al.A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language[M].London:Longman,1985;吕叔湘.汉语语法分析问题[M].北京:商务印书馆,1979;邢福义.小句中枢说[J].中国语文,1995(6):420-428.
(3) Robin P.Fawcett.A Theory of Syntax for Systemic Functional Linguistics[M].Amsterdam:Benjamins,2000;Robin P.Fawcett.Invitation to Systemic Functional Linguistics through the Cardiff Grammar:An Extension and Simplification of Hallidays Systemic Functional Grammar(3rd ed)[M].London:Equinox,2008.
(4) Robin P.Fawcett.A Theory of Syntax for Systemic Functional Linguistics[M].Amsterdam:Benjamins,2000:210.
(5)陈国华.英汉假设条件句比较[J].外语教学与研究,1988(1):10-18;徐李洁.英汉条件句:if与“如果”和“如果说”[J].外国语,2004(3):44-50;邓云华,陈朦.英汉关联标记与条件小句语序的蕴涵共性[J].外语学刊,2015(3):35-39.
(6)王炳炎.英汉被动结构对比[J].解放军外国语学院学报,1999(6):14-17.
(7)蔡莉,敖锋.英汉关系从句挂靠偏向对比研究[J].外语研究,2014(5):44-49.
(8)Charles N.Li,Sandra A.Thompson.Subject and topic:a new typology of language[A].In Charles N.Li,ed.,Subject and Topic[C].New York:Academic Press,1976:457-489.
(9)金积令.英汉语主题结构的对比研究[J].外国语,1991(2):1-7;丁任.谈谈英汉主语的差别[J].四川外语学院学报,1993(3):74-82;唐德根.汉语TC结构与英汉翻译[J].外语与外语教学,2001(6):38-39;熊卉.从主题与主语看英汉句子结构特点[J].吉首大学学报(社会科学版),2006(5):165-168.
(10)王寅.英汉语言宏观结构区别特征[J].外国语,1990(6):36-40;潘文国.汉英语对比纲要[M].北京:北京语言文化大学出版社,1997;牛保义.整体思维与分析思维——谈中美两国人的思维模式差异[J].四川外语学院学报,1997(2):54-59;司显柱.论英汉民族思维模式、语言结构及其翻译[J].外语学刊,1999(2):78-86;许宏.从英汉思维及语言的对比看英汉翻译[J].解放军外国语学院学报,1999(3):77-79;连淑能.英汉对比研究[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2010;王文斌.论英语的时间性特质与汉语的空间性特质[J].外语教学与研究,2013(2):163-173.
(11)Randolph Quirk,et al.A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language[M].London:Longman,1985:50.
(12)Randolph Quirk,et al.A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language[M].London:Longman,1985:52.
(13)Robin P.Fawcett.A Theory of Syntax for Systemic Functional Linguistics[M].Amsterdam:Benjamins,2000;Robin P.Fawcett.Invitation to Systemic Functional Linguistics through the Cardiff Grammar:An Extension and Simplification of Hallidays Systemic Functional Grammar(3rd ed)[M].London:Equinox,2008.
(14)Robin P.Fawcett.A Theory of Syntax for Systemic Functional Linguistics[M].Amsterdam:Benjamins,2000:200 ,304;何伟等.英语功能句法分析[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2015:35.
(15)这里的“谓体”为功能语言学术语,与传统的“谓词”所指大体相同。
(16)何伟等.汉语功能句法分析[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2015:38.
(17)“限定性成分”是系统功能语言学悉尼模式中的术语,与加的夫模式的操作词最为接近,但同时包括助动词及以由be或have说明的主要动词(参见Robin P.Fawcett.In place of Hallidays“verbal group”[J].Word,2000,51(3):327 -375.DOI:10.1080/00437956.2000.11432503;Christopher S.Butler.Structure and Function:A Guide to Three Major Structural-Functional Theories:Part I:Approaches to the Simplex Clause[M].Amsterdam/Philadelphia:Benjamins,2003:189.).本研究虽然采用的是加的夫模式句法理论,但是此处为方便解释,保留该术语。
(18)Michael A.K.Halliday.An Introduction to Functional Grammar(2nd ed.)[M].London:Arnold,1994:72,74;Michael A.K.Halliday,Christian M.I.M.Matthiessen.An Introduction to Functional Grammar(3rd ed.)[M].London:Arnold,2004:111,114-115.
(19)Michael A.K.Halliday,Edward McDonald.Metafunctional profile of the grammar of Chinese[A].In Alice Caffarel,James R.Martin,Christian M.I.M,Matthiessen,eds.Language Typology:A Functional Perspective[C].Amsterdam/Philadelphia:Benjamins,2004:313;王力.中国现代语法[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:160;吕叔湘.中国文法要略[M].北京:商务印书馆,1982:257.
(20)连淑能.英汉对比研究[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2010:25.
(21)Michael A.K.Halliday,Edward McDonald.Metafunctional profile of the grammar of Chinese[A].In Alice Caffarel,James R.Martin,Christian M.I.M.Matthiessen,eds.Language Typology:A Functional Perspective[C].Amsterdam/Philadelphia:Benjamins,2004:305-396;齐沪扬.现代汉语[M].北京:商务印书馆,2007.
(22)本文中文例句,除特别标注外,皆来自CCL现代汉语语料库。
(23)何伟等.英语功能句法分析[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2015.
(24)Robin P.Fawcett.A Theory of Syntax for Systemic Functional Linguistics[M].Amsterdam:Benjamins,2010;Robin P.Fawcett.Invitation to Systemic Functional Linguistics through the Cardiff Grammar:An Extension and Simplification of Hallidays Systemic Functional Grammar(3rd ed)[M].London:Arnold,2008:48;何伟等.英语功能句法分析[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2015;何伟等.汉语功能句法分析[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2015.
(25)Randolph Quirk,et al..A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language[M].London:Longman,1985:50 ;王力.王力全集(第七卷):中国现代语法[M].北京:中华书局,2014:34.
(26)Robin P.Fawcett.Invitation to Systemic Functional Linguistics through the Cardiff Grammar:An Extension and Simplification of Hallidays Systemic Functional Grammar(3rd ed)[M].London:Arnold,2008:49.
(27)Randolph Quirk.et al.,A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language[M].London:Longman,1985;吕叔湘.汉语语法分析问题[M].北京:商务印书馆,1979:4.
(28)Robin P.Fawcett.Invitation to Systemic Functional Linguistics through the Cardiff Grammar:An Extension and Simplification of Hallidays Systemic Functional Grammar(3rd ed)[M].London:Arnold,2008:60.
(29)本文英文例句,除特别标注外,皆选自英语国家语料库。
(30)王力.王力文集(第一卷):中国语法理论[M].济南:山东教育出版社,1984:141.
(31)王力.王力文集(第一卷):中国语法理论[M].济南:山东教育出版社,1984:141.
(32)James H-Y.Tai.Temporal sequence and Chinese word order[A].In John Haiman,ed.Iconicity in Syntax[C].Amsterdam/Philadelphia:Benjamins,1985:49-72.
(33)连淑能.英汉对比研究[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2010:74,78.
(34)关于汉语连动式更为详细的功能句法分析,请参见Wei He,Jingyuan Zhang.A study of Chinese serial verb constructions within the framework of the Cardiff Grammar[J].Linguistics and the Human Sciences,2013,8(1):123-165.
(35)何伟等.英语功能句法分析[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2015;何伟等.汉语功能句法分析[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2015.
(36)刘晓林等.历史语言学视野下的英汉语序对比研究[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2015:299.
(37)副词系传统语法术语,它们对应于功能句法理论中的形式项。
(38)Dwight Bolinger.The Phrasal Verb in English[M].Cambridge,MA:Harvard Press,1971.
(39)Marianne Celce-Murcia,Diane Larsen-Freeman.The Grammar Book:An ESL/EFL Teachers Course(2nd ed.)[M].Boston:Heinle,Heinle.1999.
(40)Dee Gardner,Mark Davies.Pointing out frequent phrasal verbs:a corpus-based analysis[J].TESOL Quarterly,2007,41(2):339-359.
(41)朱德熙.语法讲义[M].北京:商务印书馆,1982;陈立民.论动词重叠的语法意义[J].中国语文,2005(2):110-122 ;黄伯荣,廖序东.现代汉语[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2011;何伟,薛杰.汉语动量词之加的夫语法视角研究[J].解放军外国语学院学报,2018(1):30-38.
(42)王力.中国现代语法[M].北京:中华书局,2014.
(43)赵琪.英汉语动结式的共性与个性[J].外语教学与研究,2009(4):258-265.
(44)Adele E.Goldberg.Constructions:A Construction Grammar Approach to Argument Structure[M].Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,1995;Adele Goldberg,Ray Jackendoff.The English resultative as a family of constructions[J].Language,2004,80(3):532-568.
(45)Robin P.Fawcett.How to Analyze Participant Roles[R].USTB Handbook,2010:50;何伟等.英语功能语义分析[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2017:104.
(46)Robin P.Fawcett.How to Analyze Participant Roles[R].USTB Handbook,2010:51.
(47)Duxin Cao.The asymmetry of Chinese/English action-result events encoding:a cognitive approach[J].Open Journal of Modern Linguistics,2013,3(2):127-134.
(48)Duxin Cao.The asymmetry of Chinese/English action-result events encoding:a cognitive approach[J].Open Journal of Modern Linguistics,2013,3(2):127-134.
(49)Randolph Quirk,et al.A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language[M].London:Longman,1985:724.
(50)Robin P.Fawcett.A Theory of Syntax for Systemic Functional Linguistics[M].Amsterdam:Benjamins,2000;何伟等.英语功能句法分析[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2015;何伟等.汉语功能句法分析[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2015.
(51)彭宣维.语言与语言学概论——汉语系统功能语法[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2011:305.
(52)Michael A.K.Halliday,Christian M.I.M.Matthiessen.An Introduction to Functional Grammar(3rd ed.)[M].London:Arnold,2004:117.
(53)Randolph Quirk,et al.A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language[M].London:Longman,1985:658.
(54)邵志洪.新编英汉语研究与对比[M].上海:华东理工大学出版社,2013:176.
(55)Randolph Quirk,et al.A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language[M].London:Longman,1985:658.
(56)Bernard Comrie.Language Universals and Linguistic Typology[M].Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,1981.
(57)吕叔湘.汉语语法论文集[M].北京:商务印书馆,1984:466.
(58)彭宣维.从系统功能语言学扩展模式谈汉语的主语和主语结构[J].西华师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2016(2):126-132;Wei He.Subject in Chinese existential constructions:a systemic functional approach[J].Australian Journal of Linguistics,2017,37(1):37-59.
(59)Wei He.Subject in Chinese existential constructions:a systemic functional approach[J].Australian Journal of Linguistics,2017,37(1):37-59.
(60)Michael A.K.Halliday,Edward McDonald.Metafunctional profile of the grammar of Chinese[A].In Alice Caffarel,James R.Martin,Christian Matthiessen(eds.).Language Typology:A Functional Perspective[C].Amsterdam/Philadelphia:Benjamins,2004:332.
(61)英汉语功能句法数据库是一个包含300余篇中英文本的数据库,涵盖不同的语篇类型,如小说、散文、新闻、记叙文等等。
(62)何伟等.英语功能句法分析[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2015;何伟等.汉语功能句法分析[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2015.
(63)Randolph Quirk,et al.A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language[M].London:Longman,1985:52.
(64)例(35)和(36)选自黄和斌.英汉双及物结构研究中的几个问题[J].外国语,2010(1):24-41;例(37)系本文根据刘晓林等著《历史语言学视野下的英汉语序对比研究》第304页对应于本文的例句而改写的例子。
(65)刘晓林等.历史语言学视野下的英汉语序对比研究[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2015:304.
(66)Robin P.Fawcett.Invitation to Systemic Functional Linguistics through the Cardiff Grammar:An Extension and Simplification of Hallidays Systemic Functional Grammar(3rd ed)[M].London:Arnold,2008:195.
(67)胡明亮,郑继娥.汉英语序对比研究[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2014:149.
(68)此例选自刘晓林,王扬.略论为什么现代汉语发展成为话题优先型语言[J].语言研究,2012(1):21-26.
(69)Charles N.Li,Sandra A.Thompson.Subject and topic:a new typology of language[A].In Charles N.Li,ed.,Subject and Topic[C].New York:Academic Press,1976:457-489.
(70)Michael A.K.Halliday.An Introduction to Functional Grammar(2nd ed.)[M].London:Arnold,1994:81.
(71)Douglas Biber,et al.Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English[M].London:Pearson Education Limited,1999:763-765.
(72)Douglas Biber,et al.Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English[M].London:Pearson Education Limited,1999.
(73)Robin P.Fawcett.The Functional Syntax Handbook:Analyzing English at the Level of Form[M].London:Equinox,2017;Robin P.Fawcett.The Many Types of“Theme”in English:Their Syntax,Semantics and Discourse Functions[M].London:Equinox,forthcoming;何伟等.汉语功能句法分析[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2015.
(74)Douglas Biber,et al.Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English[M].London:Pearson Education Limited,1999:778.
(75)Douglas Biber,et al.Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English[M].London:Pearson Education Limited,1999:779.
(76)表3-1中的省略号“../.……”代表状语由一个小句填充,该小句属于嵌入小句,而像“when”“because”“当……的时候”“为了”等句首成分都属于粘合词(Binder),引导嵌入小句。关于粘合词更为详细的解释,请见“(6)其他成分”小节。
(77)Douglas Biber,et al.Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English[M].London:Pearson Education Limited,1999:772.
(78)在统计过程中,如遇到一个小句含有两个或两个以上的状语,则按照状语个数计算小句个数,并统计小句内每个状语的位置。
(79)邵志洪.英汉句子结构中的重量趋势对比研究——兼与金积令先生商榷[J].外国语,2001(3):51-57.
(80)王寅.英汉语言宏观结构区别特征[J].外国语,1990(6):36-40.
(81)“was”是一个助动词与操作词重合的多功能成分。对此,后文有更进一步的解释。
(82)龚千炎.汉语的时相时制时态[M].北京:商务印书馆,1995;戴耀晶.现代汉语时体系统研究[M].杭州:浙江教育出版社,1997;鞠志勤.基于系统功能语言学的现代汉语体貌研究[D].北京:北京师范大学外国语语言文学学院,2015.
(83)何伟.功能时态理论研究[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2010;何伟,李璐.英汉语单一体体现形式之功能视角比较研究[J].北京第二外国语学院学报,2016(3):1-18.
(84)李宗江.“V得(不得)”与“V得了(不了)”[J].中国语文,1994(5):375-387;张旺熹.汉语特殊句法的语义研究[M].北京:北京语言文化大学出版社,1999;卢英顺.“V不了(O)”结构的语法意义及相关问题[J].汉语学习,2010(2):40-47.
(85)按照学界普遍的分析,“V不得”“V不了”和“听不清楚”“看不到”“擦不掉”等类似的形式都属于“动词+不+结果补语”结构。这种形式上的分析无法明确划分上述结构的不同功能。事实上,“不清楚”“不到”“不掉”与“不得”和“不了”属于不同的小句成分,前者是“否定词+谓体延长成分”,补充说明小句的过程,而后者是操作词,表达小句的情态意义。
(86)Robin P.Fawcett.Invitation to Systemic Functional Linguistics through the Cardiff Grammar:An Extension and Simplification of Hallidays Systemic Functional Grammar(3rd ed)[M].London:Arnold,2008:65.
(87)齐沪扬.语气词与语气系统[M].合肥:安徽教育出版社,2002.
(88)此处“is”是一个多元成分,既是小句的主要动词,又是表示极性及语气意义的操作词。
(89)此处“have”是一个多元成分,既是表示时间意义的助动词,也是表示极性及语气意义的操作词。
(90)连淑能.英汉对比研究[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2010:74.
(91)王文斌,赵朝永.论汉语流水句的句类属性[J].世界汉语教学,2017(2):171-180.
(92)Robin P.Fawcett.Invitation to Systemic Functional Linguistics through the Cardiff Grammar:An Extension and Simplification of Hallidays Systemic Functional Grammar(3rd ed)[M].London:Alnold,2008:198,218-219.
(93)朱德熙.语法讲义[M].北京:商务印书馆,1982:160.
(94)鲁晓琨.焦点标记[J].世界汉语教学,2006(2):20-30.
(95)何伟,仲伟.系统功能语法视角下汉语小句的限定与非限定之分[J].外语教学,2017(5):7-12.
(96)Thomas Ernst.Negation in Mandarin Chinese[J].Natural Language and Linguistic Theory,1995(13):665-707;Jo-wang Lin.Aspectual selection and negation in Mandarin Chinese[J].Linguistics,2003,41(3):425-459;李宝伦.汉语否定词“没(有)”和“不”对焦点敏感度的差异性[J].当代语言学,2016(3):368-386;陈莉,潘海华.现代汉语“不”和“没”的对立关系研究[J].同济大学学报(社会科学版),2017(1):104-113.
(2) Randolph Quirk,et al.A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language[M].London:Longman,1985;吕叔湘.汉语语法分析问题[M].北京:商务印书馆,1979;邢福义.小句中枢说[J].中国语文,1995(6):420-428.
(3) Robin P.Fawcett.A Theory of Syntax for Systemic Functional Linguistics[M].Amsterdam:Benjamins,2000;Robin P.Fawcett.Invitation to Systemic Functional Linguistics through the Cardiff Grammar:An Extension and Simplification of Hallidays Systemic Functional Grammar(3rd ed)[M].London:Equinox,2008.
(4) Robin P.Fawcett.A Theory of Syntax for Systemic Functional Linguistics[M].Amsterdam:Benjamins,2000:210.
(5)陈国华.英汉假设条件句比较[J].外语教学与研究,1988(1):10-18;徐李洁.英汉条件句:if与“如果”和“如果说”[J].外国语,2004(3):44-50;邓云华,陈朦.英汉关联标记与条件小句语序的蕴涵共性[J].外语学刊,2015(3):35-39.
(6)王炳炎.英汉被动结构对比[J].解放军外国语学院学报,1999(6):14-17.
(7)蔡莉,敖锋.英汉关系从句挂靠偏向对比研究[J].外语研究,2014(5):44-49.
(8)Charles N.Li,Sandra A.Thompson.Subject and topic:a new typology of language[A].In Charles N.Li,ed.,Subject and Topic[C].New York:Academic Press,1976:457-489.
(9)金积令.英汉语主题结构的对比研究[J].外国语,1991(2):1-7;丁任.谈谈英汉主语的差别[J].四川外语学院学报,1993(3):74-82;唐德根.汉语TC结构与英汉翻译[J].外语与外语教学,2001(6):38-39;熊卉.从主题与主语看英汉句子结构特点[J].吉首大学学报(社会科学版),2006(5):165-168.
(10)王寅.英汉语言宏观结构区别特征[J].外国语,1990(6):36-40;潘文国.汉英语对比纲要[M].北京:北京语言文化大学出版社,1997;牛保义.整体思维与分析思维——谈中美两国人的思维模式差异[J].四川外语学院学报,1997(2):54-59;司显柱.论英汉民族思维模式、语言结构及其翻译[J].外语学刊,1999(2):78-86;许宏.从英汉思维及语言的对比看英汉翻译[J].解放军外国语学院学报,1999(3):77-79;连淑能.英汉对比研究[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2010;王文斌.论英语的时间性特质与汉语的空间性特质[J].外语教学与研究,2013(2):163-173.
(11)Randolph Quirk,et al.A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language[M].London:Longman,1985:50.
(12)Randolph Quirk,et al.A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language[M].London:Longman,1985:52.
(13)Robin P.Fawcett.A Theory of Syntax for Systemic Functional Linguistics[M].Amsterdam:Benjamins,2000;Robin P.Fawcett.Invitation to Systemic Functional Linguistics through the Cardiff Grammar:An Extension and Simplification of Hallidays Systemic Functional Grammar(3rd ed)[M].London:Equinox,2008.
(14)Robin P.Fawcett.A Theory of Syntax for Systemic Functional Linguistics[M].Amsterdam:Benjamins,2000:200 ,304;何伟等.英语功能句法分析[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2015:35.
(15)这里的“谓体”为功能语言学术语,与传统的“谓词”所指大体相同。
(16)何伟等.汉语功能句法分析[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2015:38.
(17)“限定性成分”是系统功能语言学悉尼模式中的术语,与加的夫模式的操作词最为接近,但同时包括助动词及以由be或have说明的主要动词(参见Robin P.Fawcett.In place of Hallidays“verbal group”[J].Word,2000,51(3):327 -375.DOI:10.1080/00437956.2000.11432503;Christopher S.Butler.Structure and Function:A Guide to Three Major Structural-Functional Theories:Part I:Approaches to the Simplex Clause[M].Amsterdam/Philadelphia:Benjamins,2003:189.).本研究虽然采用的是加的夫模式句法理论,但是此处为方便解释,保留该术语。
(18)Michael A.K.Halliday.An Introduction to Functional Grammar(2nd ed.)[M].London:Arnold,1994:72,74;Michael A.K.Halliday,Christian M.I.M.Matthiessen.An Introduction to Functional Grammar(3rd ed.)[M].London:Arnold,2004:111,114-115.
(19)Michael A.K.Halliday,Edward McDonald.Metafunctional profile of the grammar of Chinese[A].In Alice Caffarel,James R.Martin,Christian M.I.M,Matthiessen,eds.Language Typology:A Functional Perspective[C].Amsterdam/Philadelphia:Benjamins,2004:313;王力.中国现代语法[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:160;吕叔湘.中国文法要略[M].北京:商务印书馆,1982:257.
(20)连淑能.英汉对比研究[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2010:25.
(21)Michael A.K.Halliday,Edward McDonald.Metafunctional profile of the grammar of Chinese[A].In Alice Caffarel,James R.Martin,Christian M.I.M.Matthiessen,eds.Language Typology:A Functional Perspective[C].Amsterdam/Philadelphia:Benjamins,2004:305-396;齐沪扬.现代汉语[M].北京:商务印书馆,2007.
(22)本文中文例句,除特别标注外,皆来自CCL现代汉语语料库。
(23)何伟等.英语功能句法分析[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2015.
(24)Robin P.Fawcett.A Theory of Syntax for Systemic Functional Linguistics[M].Amsterdam:Benjamins,2010;Robin P.Fawcett.Invitation to Systemic Functional Linguistics through the Cardiff Grammar:An Extension and Simplification of Hallidays Systemic Functional Grammar(3rd ed)[M].London:Arnold,2008:48;何伟等.英语功能句法分析[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2015;何伟等.汉语功能句法分析[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2015.
(25)Randolph Quirk,et al..A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language[M].London:Longman,1985:50 ;王力.王力全集(第七卷):中国现代语法[M].北京:中华书局,2014:34.
(26)Robin P.Fawcett.Invitation to Systemic Functional Linguistics through the Cardiff Grammar:An Extension and Simplification of Hallidays Systemic Functional Grammar(3rd ed)[M].London:Arnold,2008:49.
(27)Randolph Quirk.et al.,A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language[M].London:Longman,1985;吕叔湘.汉语语法分析问题[M].北京:商务印书馆,1979:4.
(28)Robin P.Fawcett.Invitation to Systemic Functional Linguistics through the Cardiff Grammar:An Extension and Simplification of Hallidays Systemic Functional Grammar(3rd ed)[M].London:Arnold,2008:60.
(29)本文英文例句,除特别标注外,皆选自英语国家语料库。
(30)王力.王力文集(第一卷):中国语法理论[M].济南:山东教育出版社,1984:141.
(31)王力.王力文集(第一卷):中国语法理论[M].济南:山东教育出版社,1984:141.
(32)James H-Y.Tai.Temporal sequence and Chinese word order[A].In John Haiman,ed.Iconicity in Syntax[C].Amsterdam/Philadelphia:Benjamins,1985:49-72.
(33)连淑能.英汉对比研究[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2010:74,78.
(34)关于汉语连动式更为详细的功能句法分析,请参见Wei He,Jingyuan Zhang.A study of Chinese serial verb constructions within the framework of the Cardiff Grammar[J].Linguistics and the Human Sciences,2013,8(1):123-165.
(35)何伟等.英语功能句法分析[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2015;何伟等.汉语功能句法分析[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2015.
(36)刘晓林等.历史语言学视野下的英汉语序对比研究[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2015:299.
(37)副词系传统语法术语,它们对应于功能句法理论中的形式项。
(38)Dwight Bolinger.The Phrasal Verb in English[M].Cambridge,MA:Harvard Press,1971.
(39)Marianne Celce-Murcia,Diane Larsen-Freeman.The Grammar Book:An ESL/EFL Teachers Course(2nd ed.)[M].Boston:Heinle,Heinle.1999.
(40)Dee Gardner,Mark Davies.Pointing out frequent phrasal verbs:a corpus-based analysis[J].TESOL Quarterly,2007,41(2):339-359.
(41)朱德熙.语法讲义[M].北京:商务印书馆,1982;陈立民.论动词重叠的语法意义[J].中国语文,2005(2):110-122 ;黄伯荣,廖序东.现代汉语[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2011;何伟,薛杰.汉语动量词之加的夫语法视角研究[J].解放军外国语学院学报,2018(1):30-38.
(42)王力.中国现代语法[M].北京:中华书局,2014.
(43)赵琪.英汉语动结式的共性与个性[J].外语教学与研究,2009(4):258-265.
(44)Adele E.Goldberg.Constructions:A Construction Grammar Approach to Argument Structure[M].Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,1995;Adele Goldberg,Ray Jackendoff.The English resultative as a family of constructions[J].Language,2004,80(3):532-568.
(45)Robin P.Fawcett.How to Analyze Participant Roles[R].USTB Handbook,2010:50;何伟等.英语功能语义分析[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2017:104.
(46)Robin P.Fawcett.How to Analyze Participant Roles[R].USTB Handbook,2010:51.
(47)Duxin Cao.The asymmetry of Chinese/English action-result events encoding:a cognitive approach[J].Open Journal of Modern Linguistics,2013,3(2):127-134.
(48)Duxin Cao.The asymmetry of Chinese/English action-result events encoding:a cognitive approach[J].Open Journal of Modern Linguistics,2013,3(2):127-134.
(49)Randolph Quirk,et al.A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language[M].London:Longman,1985:724.
(50)Robin P.Fawcett.A Theory of Syntax for Systemic Functional Linguistics[M].Amsterdam:Benjamins,2000;何伟等.英语功能句法分析[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2015;何伟等.汉语功能句法分析[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2015.
(51)彭宣维.语言与语言学概论——汉语系统功能语法[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2011:305.
(52)Michael A.K.Halliday,Christian M.I.M.Matthiessen.An Introduction to Functional Grammar(3rd ed.)[M].London:Arnold,2004:117.
(53)Randolph Quirk,et al.A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language[M].London:Longman,1985:658.
(54)邵志洪.新编英汉语研究与对比[M].上海:华东理工大学出版社,2013:176.
(55)Randolph Quirk,et al.A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language[M].London:Longman,1985:658.
(56)Bernard Comrie.Language Universals and Linguistic Typology[M].Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,1981.
(57)吕叔湘.汉语语法论文集[M].北京:商务印书馆,1984:466.
(58)彭宣维.从系统功能语言学扩展模式谈汉语的主语和主语结构[J].西华师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2016(2):126-132;Wei He.Subject in Chinese existential constructions:a systemic functional approach[J].Australian Journal of Linguistics,2017,37(1):37-59.
(59)Wei He.Subject in Chinese existential constructions:a systemic functional approach[J].Australian Journal of Linguistics,2017,37(1):37-59.
(60)Michael A.K.Halliday,Edward McDonald.Metafunctional profile of the grammar of Chinese[A].In Alice Caffarel,James R.Martin,Christian Matthiessen(eds.).Language Typology:A Functional Perspective[C].Amsterdam/Philadelphia:Benjamins,2004:332.
(61)英汉语功能句法数据库是一个包含300余篇中英文本的数据库,涵盖不同的语篇类型,如小说、散文、新闻、记叙文等等。
(62)何伟等.英语功能句法分析[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2015;何伟等.汉语功能句法分析[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2015.
(63)Randolph Quirk,et al.A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language[M].London:Longman,1985:52.
(64)例(35)和(36)选自黄和斌.英汉双及物结构研究中的几个问题[J].外国语,2010(1):24-41;例(37)系本文根据刘晓林等著《历史语言学视野下的英汉语序对比研究》第304页对应于本文的例句而改写的例子。
(65)刘晓林等.历史语言学视野下的英汉语序对比研究[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2015:304.
(66)Robin P.Fawcett.Invitation to Systemic Functional Linguistics through the Cardiff Grammar:An Extension and Simplification of Hallidays Systemic Functional Grammar(3rd ed)[M].London:Arnold,2008:195.
(67)胡明亮,郑继娥.汉英语序对比研究[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2014:149.
(68)此例选自刘晓林,王扬.略论为什么现代汉语发展成为话题优先型语言[J].语言研究,2012(1):21-26.
(69)Charles N.Li,Sandra A.Thompson.Subject and topic:a new typology of language[A].In Charles N.Li,ed.,Subject and Topic[C].New York:Academic Press,1976:457-489.
(70)Michael A.K.Halliday.An Introduction to Functional Grammar(2nd ed.)[M].London:Arnold,1994:81.
(71)Douglas Biber,et al.Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English[M].London:Pearson Education Limited,1999:763-765.
(72)Douglas Biber,et al.Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English[M].London:Pearson Education Limited,1999.
(73)Robin P.Fawcett.The Functional Syntax Handbook:Analyzing English at the Level of Form[M].London:Equinox,2017;Robin P.Fawcett.The Many Types of“Theme”in English:Their Syntax,Semantics and Discourse Functions[M].London:Equinox,forthcoming;何伟等.汉语功能句法分析[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2015.
(74)Douglas Biber,et al.Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English[M].London:Pearson Education Limited,1999:778.
(75)Douglas Biber,et al.Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English[M].London:Pearson Education Limited,1999:779.
(76)表3-1中的省略号“../.……”代表状语由一个小句填充,该小句属于嵌入小句,而像“when”“because”“当……的时候”“为了”等句首成分都属于粘合词(Binder),引导嵌入小句。关于粘合词更为详细的解释,请见“(6)其他成分”小节。
(77)Douglas Biber,et al.Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English[M].London:Pearson Education Limited,1999:772.
(78)在统计过程中,如遇到一个小句含有两个或两个以上的状语,则按照状语个数计算小句个数,并统计小句内每个状语的位置。
(79)邵志洪.英汉句子结构中的重量趋势对比研究——兼与金积令先生商榷[J].外国语,2001(3):51-57.
(80)王寅.英汉语言宏观结构区别特征[J].外国语,1990(6):36-40.
(81)“was”是一个助动词与操作词重合的多功能成分。对此,后文有更进一步的解释。
(82)龚千炎.汉语的时相时制时态[M].北京:商务印书馆,1995;戴耀晶.现代汉语时体系统研究[M].杭州:浙江教育出版社,1997;鞠志勤.基于系统功能语言学的现代汉语体貌研究[D].北京:北京师范大学外国语语言文学学院,2015.
(83)何伟.功能时态理论研究[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2010;何伟,李璐.英汉语单一体体现形式之功能视角比较研究[J].北京第二外国语学院学报,2016(3):1-18.
(84)李宗江.“V得(不得)”与“V得了(不了)”[J].中国语文,1994(5):375-387;张旺熹.汉语特殊句法的语义研究[M].北京:北京语言文化大学出版社,1999;卢英顺.“V不了(O)”结构的语法意义及相关问题[J].汉语学习,2010(2):40-47.
(85)按照学界普遍的分析,“V不得”“V不了”和“听不清楚”“看不到”“擦不掉”等类似的形式都属于“动词+不+结果补语”结构。这种形式上的分析无法明确划分上述结构的不同功能。事实上,“不清楚”“不到”“不掉”与“不得”和“不了”属于不同的小句成分,前者是“否定词+谓体延长成分”,补充说明小句的过程,而后者是操作词,表达小句的情态意义。
(86)Robin P.Fawcett.Invitation to Systemic Functional Linguistics through the Cardiff Grammar:An Extension and Simplification of Hallidays Systemic Functional Grammar(3rd ed)[M].London:Arnold,2008:65.
(87)齐沪扬.语气词与语气系统[M].合肥:安徽教育出版社,2002.
(88)此处“is”是一个多元成分,既是小句的主要动词,又是表示极性及语气意义的操作词。
(89)此处“have”是一个多元成分,既是表示时间意义的助动词,也是表示极性及语气意义的操作词。
(90)连淑能.英汉对比研究[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2010:74.
(91)王文斌,赵朝永.论汉语流水句的句类属性[J].世界汉语教学,2017(2):171-180.
(92)Robin P.Fawcett.Invitation to Systemic Functional Linguistics through the Cardiff Grammar:An Extension and Simplification of Hallidays Systemic Functional Grammar(3rd ed)[M].London:Alnold,2008:198,218-219.
(93)朱德熙.语法讲义[M].北京:商务印书馆,1982:160.
(94)鲁晓琨.焦点标记[J].世界汉语教学,2006(2):20-30.
(95)何伟,仲伟.系统功能语法视角下汉语小句的限定与非限定之分[J].外语教学,2017(5):7-12.
(96)Thomas Ernst.Negation in Mandarin Chinese[J].Natural Language and Linguistic Theory,1995(13):665-707;Jo-wang Lin.Aspectual selection and negation in Mandarin Chinese[J].Linguistics,2003,41(3):425-459;李宝伦.汉语否定词“没(有)”和“不”对焦点敏感度的差异性[J].当代语言学,2016(3):368-386;陈莉,潘海华.现代汉语“不”和“没”的对立关系研究[J].同济大学学报(社会科学版),2017(1):104-113.