西安市表层土壤中PAEs污染与风险
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摘要
以西安城市表层土壤中PAEs为研究对象,利用高效液相色谱仪(HPLC)检测了城市表层土壤中美国环境保护部(U.S.EPA)优控的6种PAEs (DMP、DEP、BBP、DnBP、DEHP和DnOP)含量。重点研究了城市表层土壤中PAEs的污染水平以及儿童和成人暴露城市表层土壤中PAEs的健康风险。结果表明:西安市表层土壤中Dn BP和DEHP高于环境风险限值的样品比重分别为21%和11%;人群暴露表层土壤中PAEs的主要暴露途径都是以手-口摄入为主,其次是皮肤接触暴露,最后为呼吸吸入;不同途径暴露剂量均是儿童高于成人;儿童和成人暴露表层土壤中PAEs的非致癌风险均低于风险阈值1,暴露BBP和DEHP的致癌风险也低于风险阈值10-6。
The concentrations of six priority PAEs(DMP,DEP,BBP,DnBP,DEHP,Dn OP) of United States Environmental Agency(U.S.EPA) were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC).Based on the analyses of physiochemical characteristics and PAEs concentrations in surface soil,the pollution status and health risk of PAEs were further studied.The concentrations of DnBP and DEHP in the surface soil exceeded the corresponding environmental risk limits over 21% and 11%,respectively.The main exposure route of human being to PAEs was ingestion of dust particles via hand and mouth,followed by dermal adsorption and inhalation of soil particles.The exposure to children through three exposure pathways was greater than those of adults.The non-carcinogenic index of children and adults exposure to PAEs was lower than the threshold value of 1.The carcinogenic risk of human exposure to BBP and DEHP were below the threshold value of 10~(-6).
The concentrations of six priority PAEs(DMP,DEP,BBP,DnBP,DEHP,Dn OP) of United States Environmental Agency(U.S.EPA) were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC).Based on the analyses of physiochemical characteristics and PAEs concentrations in surface soil,the pollution status and health risk of PAEs were further studied.The concentrations of DnBP and DEHP in the surface soil exceeded the corresponding environmental risk limits over 21% and 11%,respectively.The main exposure route of human being to PAEs was ingestion of dust particles via hand and mouth,followed by dermal adsorption and inhalation of soil particles.The exposure to children through three exposure pathways was greater than those of adults.The non-carcinogenic index of children and adults exposure to PAEs was lower than the threshold value of 1.The carcinogenic risk of human exposure to BBP and DEHP were below the threshold value of 10~(-6).
引文
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[31]李如忠,周爱佳,童芳,等.合肥市城区地表灰尘重金属分布特征及环境健康风险评价[J].环境科学,2011,32(9):2661-2668.
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[2]Abdel daiem M M,Rivera-Utrilla J,Ocampo-Perez R,et al.Environmental impact of phthalic acid esters and their removal from water and sediments by different technologies-A review[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2012(109):164-178.
[3]中商情报网.http://www.askci.com/news/201201/31/84620-67.shtml.
[4]Liu X W,Shi J H,Bo T,et al.Occurrence and risk assessment of selected phthalates in drinking water from waterworks in China[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2015,22(14):10690-10698.
[5]刘敏,林玉君,曾锋,等.城区湖泊表层沉积物中邻苯二甲酸酯的组成与分布特征[J].环境科学学报,2007,27(8):1377-1383.
[6]Wormuth M,Scheringer M,Vollenweider M,et al.What are the sources of exposure to eight frequently used phthalic acid esters in Europeans[J].Risk Analysis,2006,26(3):803-824.
[7]Duty S M,Calafat A M,Silva M J,et al.The relationship between environmental exposure to phthalates and computer-aided sperm analysis motion parameters[J].Journal of Andrology,2004,25(2):293-302.
[8]Silva M J,Barrr D B,Reidy J A,et al.Urinary levels of seven phthalate metabolites in the US population from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(NHANES)1999-2000[J].Environmental Health Perspectives,2004,112(3):331-338.
[9]王红芬,程晗煜,洪坚平.环境中酞酸酯的污染现状及防治措施[J].环境科学与管理,2010,35(7):33-36.
[10]Fatoki O S,Bornman M,Ravandhalala L,et al.Phthalate ester plasticizers in freshwater systems of Venda,South Africa and potential health effects[J].Water South Africa,2010,36(1):117-125.
[11]刘安娜,葛本伟.石河子市表层土壤重金属元素富集与功能区分异研究[J].安徽农业科学,2011,39(32):19818-19821.
[12]Ma T T,Luo Y M,Christie P,et al.Removal of phthalic esters from contaminated soil using different cropping systems:A field study[J].European Journal of Soil Biology,2012(50):76-82.
[13]杨杉,吕圣红,汪军,等.酞酸酯在土壤中的环境行为与健康风险研究进展[J].中国生态农业学报,2016,24(6):695-703.
[14]Cai Q Y,Mo C H,Wu Q T,et al.The status of soil contamination by semivolatile organic chemicals(SVOCs)in China:A review[J].Science of the Total Environment,2008,389(2-3):209-224.
[15]Niu L L,Xu Y,Xu C,et al.Status of phthalate esters contamination in agricultural soils across China and associated health risks[J].Environmental Pollution,2014(195):16-23.
[16]陈秀端.西安市表层土壤重金属污染的环境地球化学研究[D].陕西:陕西师范大学,2014.
[17]张文娟,王利军,王丽,等.西安城区地表灰尘中邻苯二甲酸酯分布、来源及人群暴露[J].环境科学,2016,37(10):3758-3765.
[18]Wang L J,Xu X,Lu X W.Phthalic acid esters(PAEs)in vegetable soil from the suburbs of Xianyang city,Northwest China[J].Environment Earth Sciences,2015(74):1487-1496.
[19]陈秀端,卢新卫,赵彩凤,等.西安市二环内表层土壤重金属空间分布特征[J].地理学报,2011,66(9):1281-1288.
[20]李萍,薛粟尹,王胜利,等.兰州市大气降尘重金属污染评价及健康风险评价[J].环境科学,2014,35(3):102-1028.
[21]陈星,马建华,李新宁,等.基于棕地的居民小区土壤重金属健康风险评价[J].环境科学,2014,35(3):1068-1074.
[22]Wang W,Wu F Y,Huang M J,et al.Size fraction effect on phthalate esters accumulation,bioaccessibility and in vitro cytotoxicity of indoor/outdoor dust,and risk assessment of human exposure[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2013(261):753-762.
[23]王跃进,李建国,徐维玲,等.河北省农村居民营养与健康状况调查分析[J].卫生研究,2006,35(5):621-624.
[24]Wang J,Chen G C,Christie P,et al.Occurrence and risk assessment of phthalate esters(PAEs)in vegetables and soils of suburban plastic film greenhouses[J].Science of the Total Environment,2015(523):129-137.
[25]NMED(New Mexico Environment Department)Technical background document for development of soil screening levels[S].2009.
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[27]Ferreira-Baptista L,Miguel E D.Geochemistry and risk assessment of street dust in Luanda Angola:a tropical urban environment[J].Atmospheric Environment,2005,39(25):4501-4512.
[28]Wang J,Chen G C,Peter C,et al.Occurrence and risk assessment of phthalate esters(PAEs)in vegetables and soils of suburban plastic film greenhouses[J].Science of the Total Environment,2015(523):129-137.
[29]Mo C H,Cai Q Y,Tang S R,et al.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and phthalic acid esters in vegetables from nine farms of the Pearl River Delta,South China[J].Archives of Environtal Contamination and Toxicology,2009,56(2):181-189.
[30]李婷.珠江河口水体和沉积物中6种邻苯二甲酸酯污染及初步风险评[D].广州:暨南大学,2014.
[31]李如忠,周爱佳,童芳,等.合肥市城区地表灰尘重金属分布特征及环境健康风险评价[J].环境科学,2011,32(9):2661-2668.
[32]刘敏,林玉君,曾锋,等.城区湖泊表层沉积物中邻苯二甲酸酯的组成与分布特征[J].环境科学学报,2007,27(8):1377-1383.
[33]U.S.EPA(United States Environmental Protection Agency).Exposure factors handbook[S].Washington,DC:Office of Research and Development,1997:130-134.
[34]Department of Environmental Conservation,New York,U S A.Determination of soil cleanup objectives and cleanup levels(TAGM 4046),1994.http://www.dec.ny.gov/regulations/2612.html.
[35]Van Wezel A P,Van Vlaardingen P,Posthumus R,et al.Environmental risk limits for two phthalates,with special emphasis on endocrine disruptive properties[J].Ecotoxicology and Environtal Safety,2000(46):305-321.