环境污染会加剧劳动力价格扭曲吗?——来自CFPS的微观证据
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摘要
基于地方政府间引资竞争视角,细致考察了环境污染对劳动力价格扭曲的影响及作用机制。利用中国家庭追踪调查微观数据,借助随机前沿分析方法(SFA)测度出微观个体层面的劳动力价格扭曲程度,扭曲均值约为37%。研究发现,环境污染显著加剧劳动力价格扭曲,牺牲环境质量的经济发展方式并未提高个体劳动者经济福利。环境污染损害健康人力资本,降低劳动生产率,同时地方政府引资竞争存在对环境标准和劳动条件的"竞次效应",导致高污染排放强度和低实际工资率并存的现象,污染企业作为环境恶化的市场主体,未能充分承担污染环境的社会成本。工具变量估计支持上述结论,在考虑不同污染指标、经济规模以及企业所有制异质性后,结论仍然稳健。研究有助于深入理解环境污染对收入分配的实际效应。
From the perspective of competition in attracting investment among local governments,this paper carefully examined the causal effect of environmental pollution on labor price distortion and mechanism of action,based on the data from CFPS. Stochastic frontier analysis( SFA) measures the labor price distortion at micro-individual level,with an average of about 37%. On this basis,the results show that environmental pollution significantly exacerbates the labor price distortion.And the economic development mode of sacrificing environmental quality can't improve the welfare of individual workers.Environmental pollution causes labor productivity to decrease,at the same time some areas attract investment by "downward competition"of environmental standards and labor conditions. That leads to high pollution emission intensity and low real wage rate coexist. As a market subject of environmental degradation,polluting enterprises fail to fully bear the social cost of polluting the environment. Instrument variable estimates support these results. Our conclusions are still robust after considering different pollution indicators,heterogeneity of economic scale and enterprise ownership. This study helps to understand the actual effects of environmental pollution on income distribution.
From the perspective of competition in attracting investment among local governments,this paper carefully examined the causal effect of environmental pollution on labor price distortion and mechanism of action,based on the data from CFPS. Stochastic frontier analysis( SFA) measures the labor price distortion at micro-individual level,with an average of about 37%. On this basis,the results show that environmental pollution significantly exacerbates the labor price distortion.And the economic development mode of sacrificing environmental quality can't improve the welfare of individual workers.Environmental pollution causes labor productivity to decrease,at the same time some areas attract investment by "downward competition"of environmental standards and labor conditions. That leads to high pollution emission intensity and low real wage rate coexist. As a market subject of environmental degradation,polluting enterprises fail to fully bear the social cost of polluting the environment. Instrument variable estimates support these results. Our conclusions are still robust after considering different pollution indicators,heterogeneity of economic scale and enterprise ownership. This study helps to understand the actual effects of environmental pollution on income distribution.
引文
[1]张杰,周晓艳,郑文平,等.要素市场扭曲是否激发了中国企业出口[J].世界经济,2011(8):134-160.
[2]王宁,史晋川.中国要素价格扭曲程度的测度[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2015(9):149-161.
[3]陆旸.从开放宏观的视角看环境污染问题:一个综述[J].经济研究,2012(2):146-158.
[4]JIA R X. Pollution for promotion[J]. Social science electronic publishing,2012.
[5]左翔,李明.环境污染与居民政治态度[J].经济学(季刊),2016(4):1409-1438.
[6]CHEN Y,EBENSTEIN A,GREENSTONE M,et al. Evidence on the impact of sustained exposure to air pollution on life expectancy from China’s Huai River policy[J]. PNAS,2013,110(32):12936-12941.
[7]HANNA R,OLIVA P. The effect of pollution on labor supply:evidence from a natural experiment in Mexico City[J].Journal of public economics,2015,122(10):68-79.
[8]ZIVIN J G,NEIDELL M. The impact of pollution on worker productivity[J]. American economic review,2012,102(7):3652-3673.
[9]周杰琦,汪同三.外商投资、环境监管与环境效率——理论拓展与来自中国的经验证据[J].产业经济研究,2017(4):67-79.
[10]LANG G. The difference between wages and wage potentials:earnings disadvantages of immigrants in Germany[J].Journal of economic inequality,2005,3(1):21-42.
[11]庞念伟,陈广汉,宋冉.城镇就业市场上劳动力工资扭曲程度测度[J].南方经济,2014(8):1-12.
[12]周先波,刘建广,郑馨.信息不完全、搜寻成本和均衡工资——对广东省外来农民工劳动力市场信息不完全程度的测度[J].经济学(季刊),2016(1):149-172.
[13]ADAMCHIK V A,KING A E. Labor market efficiency in Poland:a stochastic wage frontier analysis[J]. The international journal of business and finance research,2007,1(2):41-50.
[14]祁毓,卢洪友,杜亦譞.环境健康经济学研究进展[J].经济学动态,2014(3):124-137.
[15]KAMPA M,CASTANAS E. Human health effects of air pollution[J]. Environmental Pollution,2008,151(2):362-367.
[16]HE J X,LIU H M,SALVO A. Severe air pollution and labor productivity:evidence from industrial towns in China[J].Social science electronic publishing,2015.
[17]CHANG T,GRAFF ZIVIN J,GROSS T,et al. The effect of pollution on worker productivity:evidence from call center workers in China[R]. NBER working paper No. 22328,2016.
[18]魏下海,林涛,张宁,等.无法呼吸的痛:雾霾对个体生产率的影响——来自中国职业足球运动员的微观证据[J].财经研究,2017(7):4-19.
[19]GAWANDE K,BERRENS R P,BOHARA A K. A consumption-based theory of the environmental Kuznets Curve[J].Ecological economics,2001,37(1):101-112.
[20]COLE M A,ELLIOTT R J R,LINDLEY J K. Dirty money:is there a wage premium for working in a pollution intensive industry?[J]. Journal of risk&uncertainty,2009,39(2):161-180.
[21]聂辉华,李金波.政企合谋与经济发展[J].经济学(季刊),2007(1):75-90.
[22]邓玉萍,许和连.外商直接投资、地方政府竞争与环境污染——基于财政分权视角的经验研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2013(7):155-163.
[23]邵敏,包群.外资进入是否加剧中国国内工资扭曲:以国有工业企业为例[J].世界经济,2012(10):3-24.
[24]金晓雨.环境规制与国内污染转移——基于“十一五”COD排放控制计划的考察[J].产业经济研究,2018(6):115-125.
[25]杨继生,阳建辉.企业失责行为与居民的选择性反应——来自上市企业的证据[J].经济学(季刊),2017(1):275-296.
[26]周国兵.重庆市主城区气象条件对空气污染影响分析及数值模拟研究[D].兰州大学,2014.
[27]SCHLENKER W,WALKER W R. Airports,air pollution,and contemporaneous health[J]. The review of economic studies,2015,83(2):768-809.
[28]朱平芳,张征宇,姜国麟. FDI与环境规制:基于地方分权视角的实证研究[J].经济研究,2011(6):133-145.
(1)CFPS涵盖25省调查数据,不包括中国香港、中国澳门、中国台湾、新疆、青海、内蒙古、宁夏和海南。
(2)此处感谢审稿人提出实证探讨引资竞争因素的建设性意见。
(3)当采用人均烟尘排放量作为环境污染变量指标时,与人均SO2排放量的回归结果相似,限于篇幅,稳健性检验中替换环境污染指标时没有汇报相关结果。
[2]王宁,史晋川.中国要素价格扭曲程度的测度[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2015(9):149-161.
[3]陆旸.从开放宏观的视角看环境污染问题:一个综述[J].经济研究,2012(2):146-158.
[4]JIA R X. Pollution for promotion[J]. Social science electronic publishing,2012.
[5]左翔,李明.环境污染与居民政治态度[J].经济学(季刊),2016(4):1409-1438.
[6]CHEN Y,EBENSTEIN A,GREENSTONE M,et al. Evidence on the impact of sustained exposure to air pollution on life expectancy from China’s Huai River policy[J]. PNAS,2013,110(32):12936-12941.
[7]HANNA R,OLIVA P. The effect of pollution on labor supply:evidence from a natural experiment in Mexico City[J].Journal of public economics,2015,122(10):68-79.
[8]ZIVIN J G,NEIDELL M. The impact of pollution on worker productivity[J]. American economic review,2012,102(7):3652-3673.
[9]周杰琦,汪同三.外商投资、环境监管与环境效率——理论拓展与来自中国的经验证据[J].产业经济研究,2017(4):67-79.
[10]LANG G. The difference between wages and wage potentials:earnings disadvantages of immigrants in Germany[J].Journal of economic inequality,2005,3(1):21-42.
[11]庞念伟,陈广汉,宋冉.城镇就业市场上劳动力工资扭曲程度测度[J].南方经济,2014(8):1-12.
[12]周先波,刘建广,郑馨.信息不完全、搜寻成本和均衡工资——对广东省外来农民工劳动力市场信息不完全程度的测度[J].经济学(季刊),2016(1):149-172.
[13]ADAMCHIK V A,KING A E. Labor market efficiency in Poland:a stochastic wage frontier analysis[J]. The international journal of business and finance research,2007,1(2):41-50.
[14]祁毓,卢洪友,杜亦譞.环境健康经济学研究进展[J].经济学动态,2014(3):124-137.
[15]KAMPA M,CASTANAS E. Human health effects of air pollution[J]. Environmental Pollution,2008,151(2):362-367.
[16]HE J X,LIU H M,SALVO A. Severe air pollution and labor productivity:evidence from industrial towns in China[J].Social science electronic publishing,2015.
[17]CHANG T,GRAFF ZIVIN J,GROSS T,et al. The effect of pollution on worker productivity:evidence from call center workers in China[R]. NBER working paper No. 22328,2016.
[18]魏下海,林涛,张宁,等.无法呼吸的痛:雾霾对个体生产率的影响——来自中国职业足球运动员的微观证据[J].财经研究,2017(7):4-19.
[19]GAWANDE K,BERRENS R P,BOHARA A K. A consumption-based theory of the environmental Kuznets Curve[J].Ecological economics,2001,37(1):101-112.
[20]COLE M A,ELLIOTT R J R,LINDLEY J K. Dirty money:is there a wage premium for working in a pollution intensive industry?[J]. Journal of risk&uncertainty,2009,39(2):161-180.
[21]聂辉华,李金波.政企合谋与经济发展[J].经济学(季刊),2007(1):75-90.
[22]邓玉萍,许和连.外商直接投资、地方政府竞争与环境污染——基于财政分权视角的经验研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2013(7):155-163.
[23]邵敏,包群.外资进入是否加剧中国国内工资扭曲:以国有工业企业为例[J].世界经济,2012(10):3-24.
[24]金晓雨.环境规制与国内污染转移——基于“十一五”COD排放控制计划的考察[J].产业经济研究,2018(6):115-125.
[25]杨继生,阳建辉.企业失责行为与居民的选择性反应——来自上市企业的证据[J].经济学(季刊),2017(1):275-296.
[26]周国兵.重庆市主城区气象条件对空气污染影响分析及数值模拟研究[D].兰州大学,2014.
[27]SCHLENKER W,WALKER W R. Airports,air pollution,and contemporaneous health[J]. The review of economic studies,2015,83(2):768-809.
[28]朱平芳,张征宇,姜国麟. FDI与环境规制:基于地方分权视角的实证研究[J].经济研究,2011(6):133-145.
(1)CFPS涵盖25省调查数据,不包括中国香港、中国澳门、中国台湾、新疆、青海、内蒙古、宁夏和海南。
(2)此处感谢审稿人提出实证探讨引资竞争因素的建设性意见。
(3)当采用人均烟尘排放量作为环境污染变量指标时,与人均SO2排放量的回归结果相似,限于篇幅,稳健性检验中替换环境污染指标时没有汇报相关结果。