中国城镇生态环境遥感监测现状及发展趋势
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摘要
城镇生态环境是国家生态文明和美丽中国建设的重要组成部分,而目前中国城镇化快速发展过程中出现了重污染天气、黑臭水体、土壤污染、城市热岛效应等突出生态环境问题。环境监测是掌握城镇生态环境质量状况、环境管理和环境执法的基础,遥感技术在城镇生态环境监测中发挥着重要作用。文章主要从通常关注的空气质量、水体水质、土壤污染和生态资源4个方面,从遥感数据源、遥感监测模型方法、存在问题等方面概述目前中国城镇生态环境遥感监测的总体现状,指出目前存在城镇复杂地表高反射噪声与气溶胶多次散射引起污染气体反演的不确定性、现有算法无法适用于高浑浊的城镇黑臭水体和高清洁的饮用水源地这两类特殊光谱特征水体、城镇土壤污染难监测、城镇地表温度与生态要素高精度反演等技术瓶颈,以及时空分辨率低、监测精度不高、技术体系缺乏、专题产品少、业务应用程度低等问题与不足,提出中国城镇生态环境综合监测亟需攻克的系列监测要素精度提升关键技术、业务应用模式、服务模式等发展趋势,为中国新时期生态环境保护、打好污染防治攻坚战、城镇化建设等重要工作提供支持。
Urban ecological environment is a key component of national ecological civilization and Beautiful China Initiative.The rapid urbanization development in China resulted in severe ecological problems, such as heavily polluted weather, black and odorous water body, soil pollution and urban heat island effect. Effective monitoring is the basis of keeping abreast of urban ecological environment, environmental management and environmental law enforcement. Remote sensing technology plays an important role in urban ecological environment monitoring. According to the remote sensing data source, monitoring methods and shortcomings, this paper summarized the general situation of urban ecological environment monitoring by remote sensing in the areas of urban air quality, water quality, soil pollution and ecological resources. Specifically, it pointed out the technical bottlenecks in remote sensing urban ecological environment monitoring, including the uncertainty of pollution gas concentration retrieval due to high reflection noise of the complex urban surface and multiple scattering of aerosols, the inapplicability of the existing algorithms for the black and odorous water and drinking water of special spectral property, the difficulty in monitoring the contaminated soil and in accurate inversion of surface temperature and ecological elements. It also identified the problems and shortcomings of low spatial and temporal resolution, low inversion accuracy, lack of technology system, few thematic products and low level of professional application. In the end, this paper proposed the key technologies of monitoring accuracy improvement to be developed, the trend of professional application modes and service modes in urban ecological environment comprehensive monitoring, which could serve as technical support for eco-environment protection, pollution prevention and urbanization development in the new era.
Urban ecological environment is a key component of national ecological civilization and Beautiful China Initiative.The rapid urbanization development in China resulted in severe ecological problems, such as heavily polluted weather, black and odorous water body, soil pollution and urban heat island effect. Effective monitoring is the basis of keeping abreast of urban ecological environment, environmental management and environmental law enforcement. Remote sensing technology plays an important role in urban ecological environment monitoring. According to the remote sensing data source, monitoring methods and shortcomings, this paper summarized the general situation of urban ecological environment monitoring by remote sensing in the areas of urban air quality, water quality, soil pollution and ecological resources. Specifically, it pointed out the technical bottlenecks in remote sensing urban ecological environment monitoring, including the uncertainty of pollution gas concentration retrieval due to high reflection noise of the complex urban surface and multiple scattering of aerosols, the inapplicability of the existing algorithms for the black and odorous water and drinking water of special spectral property, the difficulty in monitoring the contaminated soil and in accurate inversion of surface temperature and ecological elements. It also identified the problems and shortcomings of low spatial and temporal resolution, low inversion accuracy, lack of technology system, few thematic products and low level of professional application. In the end, this paper proposed the key technologies of monitoring accuracy improvement to be developed, the trend of professional application modes and service modes in urban ecological environment comprehensive monitoring, which could serve as technical support for eco-environment protection, pollution prevention and urbanization development in the new era.
引文
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