中国滑雪场空间格局、形成机制及其结构优化
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摘要
文章系统分析中国滑雪场空间分布特征,揭示形成这种空间格局的驱动机制,进而提出滑雪场空间结构优化方案。结果显示:中国滑雪场空间集聚明显,总体呈现"小集聚、大分散"、"片状与点状"并存的空间形态格局。高纬地区滑雪场空间格局主要由积雪—气候资源、冰雪文化共同影响,中纬地区主要由冬季赛事引领(政府主导)和市场共同驱动,西北—青藏高原地区属商业和资本运作、资源依托型空间形态,南方低纬地区则主要受巨大的客源市场驱动,且辅之以较强的经济基础。随着气候变暖影响的加剧,雪场空间布局必将继续回归积雪—气候资源为依托的主要驱动方向,且雪场数量将呈先增后降趋势,而质量则得以不断提升。未来,中国滑雪场应立足冰雪—气候资源禀赋条件及客源条件等因素,全面推进冰雪运动"南展西扩"战略,以东北三省提升现有滑雪场服务水平为基础,发挥当前京津冀冰雪运动引领带动作用,促进北方其他地区后发优势,带动南方地区和青藏高原协同发展,以实现"三亿人参与冰雪运动"目标。
This paper systematically analyzes the spatial distribution characteristics of China's ski resorts, reveals the driving mechanism of the spatial pattern and puts forward the optimization scheme of the spatial structure of ski resorts.The results show: the agglomeration of China's ski resorts is obvious in spatial scale, the overall pattern presents the spatial coexistence feature of "small agglomeration, large dispersion" or "sheet and point-like shapes". Spatial layout of ski resorts at the high latitude area is mainly affected by snow-climate resources and the culture about ice and snow, the mid-latitude region is mainly driven by sport events and tourist markets, the northwest region and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QTP) belong to a spatial form of business operation and resource support, and the southern low-latitude regions are mainly driven by a huge source market and supplemented by a strong economic base. With the intensification of climate warming, the spatial layout of ski resorts in the future will surely be driven by the snow-climate resources again.Especially, the number of ski resorts will increase first and then drop, while the quality will be improved in further. In the future, China's ski resorts should comprehensively promote the "Southern Expansion and Westward Expansion" strategy of winter(ice-snow) sports based on snow cover-climate resource endowments and tourist market conditions, etc.Furthermore, the three northeastern provinces should upgrade the service level of existing ski resort and Beijing-TianjinHebei regions should play an important role in leading and driving function of ice-snow sports. On this basis, it improves the late-starting advantage in the rest of the northern China, promotes the coordinated development of the southern region and the QTP so as to achieve the goal of "300 million people participating in sports skiing".
This paper systematically analyzes the spatial distribution characteristics of China's ski resorts, reveals the driving mechanism of the spatial pattern and puts forward the optimization scheme of the spatial structure of ski resorts.The results show: the agglomeration of China's ski resorts is obvious in spatial scale, the overall pattern presents the spatial coexistence feature of "small agglomeration, large dispersion" or "sheet and point-like shapes". Spatial layout of ski resorts at the high latitude area is mainly affected by snow-climate resources and the culture about ice and snow, the mid-latitude region is mainly driven by sport events and tourist markets, the northwest region and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QTP) belong to a spatial form of business operation and resource support, and the southern low-latitude regions are mainly driven by a huge source market and supplemented by a strong economic base. With the intensification of climate warming, the spatial layout of ski resorts in the future will surely be driven by the snow-climate resources again.Especially, the number of ski resorts will increase first and then drop, while the quality will be improved in further. In the future, China's ski resorts should comprehensively promote the "Southern Expansion and Westward Expansion" strategy of winter(ice-snow) sports based on snow cover-climate resource endowments and tourist market conditions, etc.Furthermore, the three northeastern provinces should upgrade the service level of existing ski resort and Beijing-TianjinHebei regions should play an important role in leading and driving function of ice-snow sports. On this basis, it improves the late-starting advantage in the rest of the northern China, promotes the coordinated development of the southern region and the QTP so as to achieve the goal of "300 million people participating in sports skiing".
引文
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[14]李继东,季彦霞,李建华,等.河北省滑雪场现状与发展路径选择[J].河北体育学院学报,2018(1):14-21.
[15] Rixen C,Teich M,Lardelli C,et al. Winter Tourism and Climate Change in the Alps:An Assessment of Resource Consumption,Snow Reliability,and Future Snowmaking Potential[J].Mountain Research and Development,2011,31(3):229-236.
[16] Steiger R,Mayer M. Snowmaking and climate change:Future options for snow production in Tyrolean ski resorts[J]. Mountain Research and Development,2008,28:292-298.
[17] Demiro?lu O C. Climate change vulnerability of ski tourism in Germany and turkey[R]. Istanbul Policy Center(IPC),2016.
[18] Rutty M,Scott D,Johnson P,et al. Using ski industry response to climatic variability to assess climate change risk:An analogue study in Eastern Canada[J]. Tourism Management,2017,58:196-204.
[2] Vanat L. International Report on Snow&Mountain TourismOverview of the key industry figures for ski resorts(8th edition)[R]. Geneva,2016:11-14.
[3]单兆鉴.人类滑雪起源地:中国·新疆·阿勒泰[M].北京&乌鲁木齐:人民体育出版社,新疆人民出版社出版,2011.
[4]樊杰,陈东.珠江三角洲产业结构转型与空间结构调整的战略思考[J].中国科学院院刊,2009,24(2):138-144.
[5] Sophie M,Romain P. Can the high speed rail reinforce tourism attractiveness? The case of the high speed rail between Perpignan(France)and Barcelona(Spain)[J]. Technovation,2009,29(9):611-617.
[6] Wu B H,Yu Y. Principles of Tourism Planning[M]. Beijing:China Tourism Press,2010.
[7] Moran. Notes on continuous stochastic phenomena[J].Biometrika,1950(37):17-23.
[8] Lee J,Wong D W S. Statistical Analysis with Arc View GIS[M]. New York:John Wiley&Sons Inc,2001:156-164.
[9]王世金,徐新武,邓婕,等.中国滑雪旅游目的地空间格局、存在问题及其保障机制[J].冰川冻土,2017,39(4):826-832.
[10]王德伟.冰雪文化[M].哈尔滨:哈尔滨出版社,1996.
[11]杨树人,安东雷.北方人生活方式与冰雪运动文化[J].哈尔滨体育学院学报,2000,18(3):1-5.
[12]夏军,刘孟雨,贾绍凤,等.华北地区水资源及水安全问题的思考与研究[J].自然资源学报,2004,19(5):550-555.
[13]孙承华,伍斌,魏庆华,等.中国滑雪产业发展报告(2016)[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2016.
[14]李继东,季彦霞,李建华,等.河北省滑雪场现状与发展路径选择[J].河北体育学院学报,2018(1):14-21.
[15] Rixen C,Teich M,Lardelli C,et al. Winter Tourism and Climate Change in the Alps:An Assessment of Resource Consumption,Snow Reliability,and Future Snowmaking Potential[J].Mountain Research and Development,2011,31(3):229-236.
[16] Steiger R,Mayer M. Snowmaking and climate change:Future options for snow production in Tyrolean ski resorts[J]. Mountain Research and Development,2008,28:292-298.
[17] Demiro?lu O C. Climate change vulnerability of ski tourism in Germany and turkey[R]. Istanbul Policy Center(IPC),2016.
[18] Rutty M,Scott D,Johnson P,et al. Using ski industry response to climatic variability to assess climate change risk:An analogue study in Eastern Canada[J]. Tourism Management,2017,58:196-204.