云南农田土壤中铅、镉、铬水平及分布规律
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摘要
[目的 ]近年来我国土壤污染状况调查表明全国整体土壤环境质量不容乐观,部分地区土壤重金属污染较为严重,土壤中重金属可被多种蔬菜和植物吸收、富集,通过食物链直接威胁人们的健康。目前鲜见云南土壤中重金属含量的调查报道。本研究拟了解云南农田土壤中铅、镉和铬含量现状,评估云南农田土壤环境质量状况,为进一步开展相关调查研究和制订政策措施提供依据。[方法 ]按照分层随机方法抽取16个州(市)45个县的897个行政村进行调查并采集土壤样品,每个行政村采集1份5～20 cm的深表层土壤,在1 m~2范围内,按照5点取样法,使用竹子和木质器材采集土样,剔除石块和植物根系后搅拌混合,采用四分法,每个土样采集约1 000 g,共采集样品897份。检测土壤中铅、镉、铬含量和pH值,并采用单因子和内梅罗综合指数对农田土壤进行评价。[结果] 897份土样中,铅、镉和铬含量分别为22.180、0.207、67.000 mg/kg。三种重金属的内梅罗综合污染指数0.639,单因子污染指数结果为:镉(0.540)>铬(0.357)>铅(0.078),均为Ⅰ级。三种重金属综合污染指数评价为Ⅲ级及以上的监测点占31.10%,镉、铬和铅单因子污染指数评价为Ⅲ级及以上的监测点分别占:34.34%、9.92%和2.01%。[结论 ]云南农村土壤总体处于清洁安全状态,在局部地区存在超标情况,其中镉对云南农田土壤质量影响最大。下一步应明确超标原因和来源,及时采取措施防止镉进一步污染农田土壤。
[Objective]Recent surveys of soil contamination in China show that the overall soil environmental quality is not optimistic, in that heavy metal pollution is serious in some areas and heavy metals in soil can be absorbed and enriched by various vegetables and plants,directly threatening people's health through the food chain. However, there are few reports on the investigation of heavy metals in soil in Yunnan Province. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the concentrations of soil lead(Pb), cadmium(Cd), and chromium(Cr) in Yunnan Province, assess the farmland soil environmental quality, and provide evidence for further research and policymaking.[Methods] A total of 897 farmland soil samples were collected from 897 villages of 45 counties of16 cities in Yunnan Province selected by stratified random sampling method. According to the fivepoint sampling method, for each soil sample, five subsamples were collected within 1 m~2 quadrat below surface at a depth of 5-20 cm with bamboo and wood sampling tools, and then quartered and mixed to get a representative sample weighing approximately 1 000 g after removing rocks and plant roots. A total of 897 soil samples were collected. Concentrations of Pb, Cd, & Cr and pH values were detected, and the farmland soil environmental quality was assessed by both singlefactor pollution index and Nemerow comprehensive pollution index.[Results] In the 897 soil samples, the concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Cr were 22.180, 0.207,and 67.000 mg/kg, respectively. The Nemerow comprehensive pollution index was 0.639, and the single-factor pollution index of Cd, Cr, and Pb in the soil samples were 0.540, 0.357, and0.078 respectively, which were all determined as pollution grade I. The soil samples with acomprehensive pollution index of grade I and above accounted for 31.10%, and the samples with a single-factor pollution index of Cd, Cr, and Pb graded Ⅲ and above accounted for 34.34%, 9.92%, and 2.01%, respectively.[Conclusion] The farmland soil in Yunnan is generally clean and safe, notwithstanding substandard soil in some areas, and Cd is the dominant pollutant. Future work should include confirming the causes and sources of pollution, as well as adopting prompt actions to control further Cd pollution in farmland soil.
[Objective]Recent surveys of soil contamination in China show that the overall soil environmental quality is not optimistic, in that heavy metal pollution is serious in some areas and heavy metals in soil can be absorbed and enriched by various vegetables and plants,directly threatening people's health through the food chain. However, there are few reports on the investigation of heavy metals in soil in Yunnan Province. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the concentrations of soil lead(Pb), cadmium(Cd), and chromium(Cr) in Yunnan Province, assess the farmland soil environmental quality, and provide evidence for further research and policymaking.[Methods] A total of 897 farmland soil samples were collected from 897 villages of 45 counties of16 cities in Yunnan Province selected by stratified random sampling method. According to the fivepoint sampling method, for each soil sample, five subsamples were collected within 1 m~2 quadrat below surface at a depth of 5-20 cm with bamboo and wood sampling tools, and then quartered and mixed to get a representative sample weighing approximately 1 000 g after removing rocks and plant roots. A total of 897 soil samples were collected. Concentrations of Pb, Cd, & Cr and pH values were detected, and the farmland soil environmental quality was assessed by both singlefactor pollution index and Nemerow comprehensive pollution index.[Results] In the 897 soil samples, the concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Cr were 22.180, 0.207,and 67.000 mg/kg, respectively. The Nemerow comprehensive pollution index was 0.639, and the single-factor pollution index of Cd, Cr, and Pb in the soil samples were 0.540, 0.357, and0.078 respectively, which were all determined as pollution grade I. The soil samples with acomprehensive pollution index of grade I and above accounted for 31.10%, and the samples with a single-factor pollution index of Cd, Cr, and Pb graded Ⅲ and above accounted for 34.34%, 9.92%, and 2.01%, respectively.[Conclusion] The farmland soil in Yunnan is generally clean and safe, notwithstanding substandard soil in some areas, and Cd is the dominant pollutant. Future work should include confirming the causes and sources of pollution, as well as adopting prompt actions to control further Cd pollution in farmland soil.
引文
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[12]李庆波,赵小学,李红萍,等.气型污染农田土壤中重金属含量及潜在生态风险评价[J].郑州大学学报(医学版),2016,51(6):718-722.
[13]罗庆方,张菊,蒋磊,等.聊城市水岸带土壤重金属含量及污染评价[J].生态科学,2017,36(1):209-214.
[14]曹露,张华,李明月,等.碧流河下游农田土壤重金属污染状况分析与评价[J].生态科学,2017,36(6):8-15.
[15]曹勤英,黄志宏.污染土壤重金属形态分析及其影响因素研究进展[J].生态科学,2017,36(6):222-232.
[2]王婧文,姚欣,李有志,等.东洞庭湖莲藕种植区土壤重金属污染及其对莲藕重金属含量的影响[J].生态科学,2017,36(4):46-51.
[3]麦麦提吐尔逊·艾则孜,阿吉古丽·马木提,艾尼瓦尔·麦麦提.新疆焉耆盆地辣椒地土壤重金属污染及生态风险预警[J].生态学报,2018,38(3):1075-1086.
[4]陈伟,陈焰.分析农田土壤和蔬菜重金属的含量特征分析[J].东方食疗与保健,2017(3):20.
[5]周宁晖,季国军.蔬菜与土壤环境中铅镉含量相关性调查[J].环境监测管理与技术,2007,19(3):23-24.
[6]土壤环境监测技术规范:HJ/T 166-2004[S].北京:中国环境出版社,2004.
[7]金立坚,李向龙,印悦,等.2011年四川省农村土壤中铅和镉含量调查[J].环境与健康杂志,2012,29(12):1112-1115.
[8]严登峰.菜地土壤重金属污染风险评价[J].海峡科学,2017(7):6-9,25.
[9]刘凤莲,吴惠忠,许秉忠.宁夏部分农村土壤镉和铅含量调查[J].环境与健康杂志,2013,30(9):843.
[10]金媛媛,周蓉,匡兴亚.镉致肾损伤机制的研究进展[J].环境与职业医学,2018,35(2):180-184.
[11]TINKOV A A,AJSUVAKOVA O P,AASETH J,等.镉对生命活动的毒作用机制[J].环境与职业医学,2018,35(5):460-470.
[12]李庆波,赵小学,李红萍,等.气型污染农田土壤中重金属含量及潜在生态风险评价[J].郑州大学学报(医学版),2016,51(6):718-722.
[13]罗庆方,张菊,蒋磊,等.聊城市水岸带土壤重金属含量及污染评价[J].生态科学,2017,36(1):209-214.
[14]曹露,张华,李明月,等.碧流河下游农田土壤重金属污染状况分析与评价[J].生态科学,2017,36(6):8-15.
[15]曹勤英,黄志宏.污染土壤重金属形态分析及其影响因素研究进展[J].生态科学,2017,36(6):222-232.