中国城市地下空间地质结构分类与地质调查方法
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摘要
城市地下空间开发和利用是顺应城市发展规律的合理抉择,也是我国近年来城市建设的热点区域。中国幅员辽阔,各类城市分布在不同的地貌区域内,具有不同地质背景和地质结构条件,在进行大规模城市地下空间开发和利用之前,要根据不同的地质地貌条件对各类城市地下空间结构进行初步分类,建立我国城市地下空间工程地质结构的分类体系,用于指导未来我国各类城市地下空间开发利用的工程实践。在考虑到不同城市所处地貌位置、区域构造特征、岩石圈深部结构特点、现今地震活动情况、地下岩土体结构、地下水埋深等多种参数,对未来中国可能进行大规模地下空间开发和利用的49座城市进行了分类。将地貌位置作为一级划分单元,对处在同一地貌部位各类城市所处大地构造环境、壳幔特征、基底结构、表层断层活动性以及潜在震级大小进行区分;同时对表层岩土体类型和岩土体立体结构进行分类。城市地下空间分类是基于对地下空间的精细化探测。本文还总结了现今对地下地质结构的调查方法,包括地面调查、钻探、地球物理勘探和建模方面的新技术和新方法,但对于在复杂地质环境下及深层地下空间开发中结构系统的全要素精细探测仍需要发展新的方法和理论,对不同类型城市地质结构模型的构建理论和描述方法也有待突破,城市地下空间地质结构分类体系和分类方法仍需进一步完善。
The development and utilization of urban underground space are reasonable strategies conforming to the law of urban development,and China has seen rapid expansion of underground development in urban construction in recent years.China has a vast territory with various types of cities distributed in various geomorphological regions.Therefore,before large-scale development,the underground space of various cities should be classified according to geological conditions to ensure that a geostructural engineering classification system can be established to guide engineering practice.Here,we classified 49 cities according to geomorphologic location,regional tectonic and lithospheric structural characteristics,current seismic activity,basement and soil structure,underground water depth and so on.Choosing the geomorphologic location as the top division unit,we can classify the tectonic environment,crustal and mantle characteristics,basement structure and surface fault activity and potential seismic source zone,as well as soil type and solid structure of surface rocks,in the same division unit for various cities.Classification of urban underground space is based on fine exploration of underground space.We summarized here the current methods for underground geostructural investigation including ground surface mapping,exploratory drilling,geophysical survey and model building.However,new methods and theories are still needed for conducting fine exploration of all elements in a structural system in complex geological environment and in deep underground space development.Breakthroughs are also expected in construction theory and descriptive method for different types of urban geostructural models.And the classification system and classification method for the geostructures of urban underground space also need to be further improved.
The development and utilization of urban underground space are reasonable strategies conforming to the law of urban development,and China has seen rapid expansion of underground development in urban construction in recent years.China has a vast territory with various types of cities distributed in various geomorphological regions.Therefore,before large-scale development,the underground space of various cities should be classified according to geological conditions to ensure that a geostructural engineering classification system can be established to guide engineering practice.Here,we classified 49 cities according to geomorphologic location,regional tectonic and lithospheric structural characteristics,current seismic activity,basement and soil structure,underground water depth and so on.Choosing the geomorphologic location as the top division unit,we can classify the tectonic environment,crustal and mantle characteristics,basement structure and surface fault activity and potential seismic source zone,as well as soil type and solid structure of surface rocks,in the same division unit for various cities.Classification of urban underground space is based on fine exploration of underground space.We summarized here the current methods for underground geostructural investigation including ground surface mapping,exploratory drilling,geophysical survey and model building.However,new methods and theories are still needed for conducting fine exploration of all elements in a structural system in complex geological environment and in deep underground space development.Breakthroughs are also expected in construction theory and descriptive method for different types of urban geostructural models.And the classification system and classification method for the geostructures of urban underground space also need to be further improved.
引文
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[31]陈敏,杨铭琦.定向拉管非开挖技术及后处理措施在引江供水工程中的应用[J].江苏水利,2014(9):25-26.
[32]徐海良,李峰,赵宏强,等.反向扩孔气动冲击器的计算机仿真与优化研究[J].振动与冲击,2015,34(12):101-107.
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[36]黄耘,李清河,孙业君,等.江苏及邻区地壳上地幔结构研究[J].西北地震学报,2006,28(4):369-376.
[37]王飞永.盆地地裂缝同生机制研究:以渭河盆地为例[D].西安:长安大学,2016.
[2]谢富仁,崔效锋,赵建涛,等.中国大陆及邻区现代构造应力场分区[J].地球物理学报,2004,47(4):654-662.
[3]彭建兵,马润勇,席先武,等.区域稳定动力学的应用实践研究[M].北京:地质出版社,2006.
[4] PENG J B,SUN X H,WANG W,et al.Characteristics of land subsidence,earth fissures and related disaster chain effects with respect to urban hazards in Xi'an,China[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2016,75(16):1190.
[5] PENG J B,HUANG Q B,HU Z P,et al.A proposed solution to the ground fissure encountered in urban metro construction in Xi'an,China[J].Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,2017,61:12-25.
[6]彭建兵,毛彦龙,范文,等.区域稳定动力学研究黄河黑山峡大型水电工程例析[M].北京:科学出版社,2001.
[7]沈玉昌,苏时雨,尹泽生.中国地貌分类、区划与制图研究工作的回顾与展望[J].地理科学,1982,2(2):97-105.
[8]李炳元,潘保田,韩嘉福.中国陆地基本地貌类型及其划分指标探讨[J].第四纪研究,2008,28(4):535-543.
[9]杨景春,李有利.地貌学原理[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2001.
[10] XU J,PENG J,DENG Y,et al.Development characteristics and formation analysis of Baixiang earth fissure on North China Plain[J].Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment,2018(3):1-10.
[11]国家测绘仪地理信息局.标准地图服务系统[CM/OL].[2019-04-02].htttp∥bzdt.ch.mnr.gov.cn.
[12]邓起东,张培震,冉勇康,等.中国活动构造基本特征[J].中国科学D辑:地球科学,2002,32(12):1020-1030.
[13]朱日祥,陈凌,吴福元,等.华北克拉通破坏的时间、范围与机制[J].中国科学D辑:地球科学,2011(5):583-592.
[14]邓晋福,莫宣学,赵海玲,等.新生代以来中国大陆岩石圈尺度的大地构造分区[J].地球科学:中国地质大学学报,1997(3):227-232.
[15]冯锐.中国地壳厚度及上地幔密度分布(三维重力反演结果)[J].地震学报,1985(2):22-36.
[16] ZHANG Y G,ZHENG W J,WANG Y J,et al.Contemporary deformation of the North China Plain from Global Positioning System data[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2018,45(4):1851-1859.
[17]张培震,邓起东,张竹琪,等.中国大陆的活动断裂、地震灾害及其动力过程[J].中国科学D辑:地球科学,2013(10):1607-1620.
[18]徐锡伟,于贵华,陈桂华,等.青藏高原北部大型走滑断裂带近地表地质变形带特征分析[J].地震地质,2007,29(2):201-217.
[19] PENG J,PING S,IGWE O,et al.Loess caves,a special kind of geo-hazard on loess plateau,northwestern China[J].Engineering Geology,2018,236:S217643089.
[20]丁锡祉,刘淑珍.影响中国城市分布和建设的地貌因素[J].西南师范大学学报(自然科学版),1990,15(4):453-461.
[21]刘玉海.中国城市工程地质特点及城市环境工程地质编图问题探讨[J].地球科学与环境学报,1986(4):37-44.
[22]任国林.中国区域工程地质条件基本特征:中国工程地质图(1∶4000000)简介[J].水文地质工程地质,1992(3):40-42.
[23]任国林,阎运来.中国岩土体工程地质类型及其特征[J].水文地质工程地质,1989(6):21-25.
[24]张有天.地下结构的地下水荷载[C].第五届全国结构工程学术会议,海口,1996.
[25]殷跃平,张作辰,张开军.我国地面沉降现状及防治对策研究[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2005,16(2):1-8.
[26]彭建兵,张勤,黄强兵,等.西安地裂缝灾害[M].北京:科学出版社,2012.
[27]徐锡伟,于贵华,冉勇康,等.中国城市活动断层概论[M].北京:地震出版社,2015.
[28]彭建兵,卢全中,黄强兵,等.汾渭盆地地裂缝灾害[M].北京:科学出版社,2017.
[29]张家明,佟永贺,徐光黎,等.西安地裂缝与地貌成生关系研究[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,1991(2):67-73.
[30]王忠诚,邵建国,李金莲.城市地下空间利用规划编制方法研究[J].江苏城市规划,2010(10):7-10.
[31]陈敏,杨铭琦.定向拉管非开挖技术及后处理措施在引江供水工程中的应用[J].江苏水利,2014(9):25-26.
[32]徐海良,李峰,赵宏强,等.反向扩孔气动冲击器的计算机仿真与优化研究[J].振动与冲击,2015,34(12):101-107.
[33]黄静莉,王清.基于GOCAD的三维工程地质地层建模研究[J].吉林地质,2013(3):111-114.
[34]刘顺昌,徐德馨,张春梅.武汉都市发展区工程地质三维模型建设及应用[J].城市勘测,2016(4):160-163.
[35]王寒梅.上海市地面沉降风险评价体系及风险管理研究[D].上海:上海大学,2013.
[36]黄耘,李清河,孙业君,等.江苏及邻区地壳上地幔结构研究[J].西北地震学报,2006,28(4):369-376.
[37]王飞永.盆地地裂缝同生机制研究:以渭河盆地为例[D].西安:长安大学,2016.