基于最小累积阻力模型的农村居民点用地生态适宜性评价——以都江堰市为例
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摘要
农村居民点用地是乡村聚落景观的重要组成部分,其新建或重建过程从空间上来看是其与内部和周围环境之间相互竞争控制与覆盖的过程。在我国城市化加速推进的背景下,农村居民点用地却不降反升,其空间布局与扩张对自然生态环境的影响及反馈还考虑不足。借鉴景观生态格局的相关理论与方法,运用最小累积阻力模型,以都江堰市为例进行农村居民点用地的生态适宜性评价与分析。结果表明:(1)近十年来,研究区各土地生态适宜性分区空间分布相对集中,生态较适宜与高度适宜区域有一定程度的收缩,而较不适宜与不适宜区域则扩张明显,"一减一增"的鲜明对比表明人类活动对当地景观生态格局的干扰在明显增强;(2)不同时间段农村居民点用地的生态适宜性变化存在明显差异,在生态不适宜区,农村居民点的数量与面积始终保持了较高的增长势头,而中等适宜及以上等级区域的农村居民点数量与面积则经历了先增加后减少的变化趋势;(3)农村居民点用地的生态适宜性处于不断变化之中,2005～2010年和2010～2015年,分别有559.39和781.11 hm~2的农村居民点生态适宜性等级发生了变化。研究结果对于加强当地重要生态景观单元的保护,协调人与土地、人与自然之间的矛盾,提高农村土地资源的利用效率和制定村庄建设发展规划等具有一定的实践指导意义。
Rural residential land is one of the major landscapes for rural settlement. Spatially, the newly-construction or reconstruction for rural residential land depends on its interaction of competitive control and coverage with interior and exterior environment. Under the background of accelerating urbanization in China, rural residential land has been increasing rather than decreasing. At the same time, the impact of its spatial layout and expansion on the natural ecological environment and feedback has not been considered enough. Based on the relevant theories and methods of landscape ecological pattern, this paper uses the minimum cumulative resistance model, and takes Dujiangyan as an example to evaluate and analyze the ecological suitability of rural residential land sites. The results showed that:(1) For the past ten years, the spatial distribution of ecological suitability zoning in the study area was relatively concentrated, with shrink in divisions of relative high and highest levels of ecological suitability, while evident expansion in divisions that of relative low and lowest levels. These great contrasts indicated that the impact of human activities on the local landscape pattern was increasing.(2) The dynamic changes of ecological suitability varied within different time periods, in lowest level of ecological suitability area, the quantities and areas of rural residential land kept increasing, while in that of moderate and above levels, the quantities and areas showed increase firstly and then decline.(3) The ecological suitability of residential land was changing continuously, with 559.39 hm~(2 )from 2005 to 2010 and 781.11 hm~(2 )from 2010 to 2015 respectively. The results have extensive practical value in strengthening protection of local significant ecological landscape unions, coordinating the contradiction between human and land, and human and nature, improving the utilization efficiency of rural land resource, making plans of rural constructive development.
Rural residential land is one of the major landscapes for rural settlement. Spatially, the newly-construction or reconstruction for rural residential land depends on its interaction of competitive control and coverage with interior and exterior environment. Under the background of accelerating urbanization in China, rural residential land has been increasing rather than decreasing. At the same time, the impact of its spatial layout and expansion on the natural ecological environment and feedback has not been considered enough. Based on the relevant theories and methods of landscape ecological pattern, this paper uses the minimum cumulative resistance model, and takes Dujiangyan as an example to evaluate and analyze the ecological suitability of rural residential land sites. The results showed that:(1) For the past ten years, the spatial distribution of ecological suitability zoning in the study area was relatively concentrated, with shrink in divisions of relative high and highest levels of ecological suitability, while evident expansion in divisions that of relative low and lowest levels. These great contrasts indicated that the impact of human activities on the local landscape pattern was increasing.(2) The dynamic changes of ecological suitability varied within different time periods, in lowest level of ecological suitability area, the quantities and areas of rural residential land kept increasing, while in that of moderate and above levels, the quantities and areas showed increase firstly and then decline.(3) The ecological suitability of residential land was changing continuously, with 559.39 hm~(2 )from 2005 to 2010 and 781.11 hm~(2 )from 2010 to 2015 respectively. The results have extensive practical value in strengthening protection of local significant ecological landscape unions, coordinating the contradiction between human and land, and human and nature, improving the utilization efficiency of rural land resource, making plans of rural constructive development.
引文
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[15] 王旭熙,彭立,苏春江,等.基于景观生态安全格局的低丘缓坡土地资源开发利用——以四川省泸县为例[J].生态学报,2016,36(12):3646-3654.WANG X X,PENG L,SU C J,et al.Development and utilization of low-slope hilly land resources based on a landscape security pattern theory:A case study in Luxian county,Sichuan province[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(12):3646-3654.
[16] 肖长江,欧名豪,李鑫.基于生态-经济比较优势视角的建设用地空间优化配置研究——以扬州市为例[J].生态学报,2015,35(3):696-708.XIAO C J,OU M H,LI X.Research on spatial optimum allocation of construction land in an eco-economic comparative advantage perspective:A case study of Yangzhou city[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(3):696-708.
[17] 李晖,易娜,姚文璟,等.基于景观安全格局的香格里拉县生态用地规划[J].生态学报,2011,31(20):5928-5936.LI H,YI N,YAO W J,et al.Shangri-La county ecological land use planning based on landscape security pattern[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,31(20):5928-5936.
[18] 李健飞,李林,郭泺,等.基于最小累积阻力模型的珠海市生态适宜性评价[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(1):225-232.LI J F,LI L,GUO L,et al.Assessment on the ecological suitability in Zhuhai city,Guangdong,China,based on minimum cumulative resistance model[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2016,27(1):225-232.
[19] 江文渊.基于生态适宜性评价的武清区生态空间规划[J].湖南师范大学自然科学学报,2018,41(2):17-25.JIANG W Y.Ecological space planning of Wuqing district based on ecological suitability assessment[J].Journal of Natural Science of Hunan Normal University,2018,41(2):17-25.
[20] 范建容,张子瑜,李立华.四川省山地类型界定与山区类型划分[J].地理研究,2015,34(1):65-73.FAN J R,ZHANG Z Y,LI L H.Mountain demarcation and mountainous area divisions of Sichuan Province[J].Geographical Research,2015,34(1):65-73.
[21] 刘孝富,舒俭民,张林波.最小累积阻力模型在城市土地生态适宜性评价中的应用——以厦门为例[J].生态学报,2010,30(2):421-428.LIU X F,SHU J M,ZHANG L B.Research on applying minimal cumulative resistance model in urban land ecological suitability assessment:as an example of Xiamen City[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2010,30(2):421-428.
[22] 吕剑成,周磊,洪武扬,等.城市土地生态适宜性分区划分研究——以常州市武进区为例[J].长江流域资源与环境,2015,24(9):1560-1567.LU J C,ZHOU L,HONG W Y et al.Zoning division research of urban land ecological suitability[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2015,24(9):1560-1567.
[23] 叶玉瑶,苏泳娴,张虹鸥,等.生态阻力面模型构建及其在城市扩展模拟中的应用[J].地理学报,2014,69(4):485-496.YE Y Y,SU Y X,ZHANG H OU,et al.Ecological resistance surface model and its application in urban expansion sumulations[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2014,69(4):485-496.
[24] 杨昕,贺贤华,毛熙彦,等.基于城乡联系的农村居民点布局优化研究——以重庆市为例[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2016,52(2):336-344.YANG X,HE X H,MAO X Y,et al.Optimization of rural residential land from the urban-rural linkage perspective:a case study of Chongqing[J].Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis,2016,52(2):336-344.
[25] 邹亚锋,吕昌河,周玉,等.规划调控下的农村居民点整治潜力测算研究[J].资源科学,2016,38(7):1266-1274.ZOU Y F,LV C H,ZHOU Y,et al.Estimation of the consolidation potential of rural residential land based on planning regulation[J].Resources Science,2016,38(7):1266-1274.
[26] 关小克,张凤荣,刘春兵,等.平谷区农村居民点用地的时空特征及优化布局研究[J].资源科学,2013,35(3):536-544.GUAN X K,ZHANG F R,LIU C B,et al.Spatio-temporal analysis and optimization of rural residential land distribution in Pinggu district[J].Resources Science,2013,35(3):536-544.
[2] 张骞,高明,杨乐,等.1988-2013年重庆市主城九区生态用地空间结构及其生态系统服务价值变化[J].生态学报,2017,37(2):566-575.ZHANG Q,GAO M,YANG L,et al.Changes in the spatial structure of ecological land and ecosystem service values in nine key districts of Chongqing city over the past 25 years[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2017,37(2):566-575.
[3] 刘焱序,王仰麟,彭建,等.耦合恢复力的林区土地生态适宜性评价——以吉林省汪清县为例[J].地理学报,2015,70(3):476-487.LIU Y X,WANG Y L,PENG J,et al.Land ecological suitability assessment for forest coupled with the resilience perspective:A case study in Wangqing county,Jilin province,China[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2015,70(3):476-487.
[4] 张宸睿,符海月,张鑫,等.基于生态约束-发展潜力的城镇建设用地开发适宜性分区[J].水土保持通报,2017,37(3):174-181,187.ZHANG C R,FU H Y,ZHANG X,et al.Suitability regionalization for exploitation of urban constructive land based on ecological constraints and development potential[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2017,37(3):174-181,187.
[5] 孙凌蔚,李月臣,朱康文,等.生态视角下的山区城镇建设用地适宜性评价[J].重庆师范大学学报(自然科学版),2017,34(3):121-127.SUN L W,LI Y C,ZHU K W,et al.Land suitability evaluation of mountain towns from ecological perspective[J].Journal of Chongqing Normal University (Natural Science),2017,34(3):121-127.
[6] 王宪恩,丁炎军,王硕.基于ANP-GIS的长春市城市建设用地生态适宜性评价[J].水土保持研究,2018,25(3):232-236,244.WANG X E,DING Y J,WANG S.Evaluation of ecological suitability of urban construction land in Changchun city based on ANP-GIS[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2018,25(3):232-236,244.
[7] 邵丽亚,陈荣蓉,侯俊国,等.城镇建设用地生态适宜性评价研究——以重庆市荣昌县为例[J].中国农业资源与区划,2013,34(6):86-92.SHAO L Y,CHEN R R,HOU J G,et al.Suitability assessment on urban construction land use:a case study in Rongchang of Chongqing city[J].Chinese Journal of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning,2013,34(6):86-92.
[8] 赵小娜,宫雪,田丰昊,等.延龙图地区城市土地生态适宜性评价[J].自然资源学报,2017,32(5):778-787.ZHAO X N,GONG X,TIAN F H,et al.The urban land ecological suitability evaluation of Yanji-Longjing-Tumen region[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2017,32(5):778-787.
[9] 邱从毫,李阳兵,冯元嵩.贵阳市城市土地扩展空间的生态适宜性与优化[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(9):2777-2784.QIU C H,LI Y B,FENG Y S.Ecological suitability assessment and optimization of urban land expansion space in Guiyang city[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2015,26(9):2777-2784.
[10] 周华,陆春锋,昌亭,等.基于人口流动模型与生态连通性的农居点整理模式优选[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(15):281-288.ZHOU H,LU C F,CHANG T,et al.Comparison of rural residential renovation based on Lewis turning point and ecological connectivity[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2014,30(15):281-288.
[11] 中华人民共和国建设部.GB50188——2007镇规划标准[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2007.Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China.GB50188——2007 Standard for planning of town[S].Beijing:China Architecture and Building Press,2007.
[12] KNAAPEN J P,SCHEFFER M,HARMS B.Estimating habitat isolation in landscape planning[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,1992,23(1):1-16.
[13] YU K J.Ecological security patterns in landscapes and GIS application[J].Geographic Information Sciences,1995,1(2):88-102.
[14] 周锐,王新军,苏海龙,等.平顶山新区生态用地的识别与安全格局构建[J].生态学报,2015,35(6):2003-2012.ZHOU R,WANG X J,SU H L,et al.Identification and security pattern of ecological land in Pingdingshan newly developed area[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(6):2003-2012.
[15] 王旭熙,彭立,苏春江,等.基于景观生态安全格局的低丘缓坡土地资源开发利用——以四川省泸县为例[J].生态学报,2016,36(12):3646-3654.WANG X X,PENG L,SU C J,et al.Development and utilization of low-slope hilly land resources based on a landscape security pattern theory:A case study in Luxian county,Sichuan province[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(12):3646-3654.
[16] 肖长江,欧名豪,李鑫.基于生态-经济比较优势视角的建设用地空间优化配置研究——以扬州市为例[J].生态学报,2015,35(3):696-708.XIAO C J,OU M H,LI X.Research on spatial optimum allocation of construction land in an eco-economic comparative advantage perspective:A case study of Yangzhou city[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(3):696-708.
[17] 李晖,易娜,姚文璟,等.基于景观安全格局的香格里拉县生态用地规划[J].生态学报,2011,31(20):5928-5936.LI H,YI N,YAO W J,et al.Shangri-La county ecological land use planning based on landscape security pattern[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,31(20):5928-5936.
[18] 李健飞,李林,郭泺,等.基于最小累积阻力模型的珠海市生态适宜性评价[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(1):225-232.LI J F,LI L,GUO L,et al.Assessment on the ecological suitability in Zhuhai city,Guangdong,China,based on minimum cumulative resistance model[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2016,27(1):225-232.
[19] 江文渊.基于生态适宜性评价的武清区生态空间规划[J].湖南师范大学自然科学学报,2018,41(2):17-25.JIANG W Y.Ecological space planning of Wuqing district based on ecological suitability assessment[J].Journal of Natural Science of Hunan Normal University,2018,41(2):17-25.
[20] 范建容,张子瑜,李立华.四川省山地类型界定与山区类型划分[J].地理研究,2015,34(1):65-73.FAN J R,ZHANG Z Y,LI L H.Mountain demarcation and mountainous area divisions of Sichuan Province[J].Geographical Research,2015,34(1):65-73.
[21] 刘孝富,舒俭民,张林波.最小累积阻力模型在城市土地生态适宜性评价中的应用——以厦门为例[J].生态学报,2010,30(2):421-428.LIU X F,SHU J M,ZHANG L B.Research on applying minimal cumulative resistance model in urban land ecological suitability assessment:as an example of Xiamen City[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2010,30(2):421-428.
[22] 吕剑成,周磊,洪武扬,等.城市土地生态适宜性分区划分研究——以常州市武进区为例[J].长江流域资源与环境,2015,24(9):1560-1567.LU J C,ZHOU L,HONG W Y et al.Zoning division research of urban land ecological suitability[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2015,24(9):1560-1567.
[23] 叶玉瑶,苏泳娴,张虹鸥,等.生态阻力面模型构建及其在城市扩展模拟中的应用[J].地理学报,2014,69(4):485-496.YE Y Y,SU Y X,ZHANG H OU,et al.Ecological resistance surface model and its application in urban expansion sumulations[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2014,69(4):485-496.
[24] 杨昕,贺贤华,毛熙彦,等.基于城乡联系的农村居民点布局优化研究——以重庆市为例[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2016,52(2):336-344.YANG X,HE X H,MAO X Y,et al.Optimization of rural residential land from the urban-rural linkage perspective:a case study of Chongqing[J].Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis,2016,52(2):336-344.
[25] 邹亚锋,吕昌河,周玉,等.规划调控下的农村居民点整治潜力测算研究[J].资源科学,2016,38(7):1266-1274.ZOU Y F,LV C H,ZHOU Y,et al.Estimation of the consolidation potential of rural residential land based on planning regulation[J].Resources Science,2016,38(7):1266-1274.
[26] 关小克,张凤荣,刘春兵,等.平谷区农村居民点用地的时空特征及优化布局研究[J].资源科学,2013,35(3):536-544.GUAN X K,ZHANG F R,LIU C B,et al.Spatio-temporal analysis and optimization of rural residential land distribution in Pinggu district[J].Resources Science,2013,35(3):536-544.