剧毒卡尔藻与东海原甲藻间的化感作用研究
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摘要
为研究剧毒卡尔藻(Karlodinium veneficum)与东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)之间的化感作用,在f/2营养盐条件下,分别采用了混合培养及滤液培养的方法。结果表明:剧毒卡尔藻指数生长后期的无藻细胞滤液明显抑制了东海原甲藻的生长,而东海原甲藻滤液对剧毒卡尔藻的生长几乎无影响,化感作用作为重要的影响因素使剧毒卡尔藻获得竞争优势。将剧毒卡尔藻指数生长末期的无藻细胞滤液置于固相萃取(SPE) C18小柱,经吸附、不同比例的甲醇溶液洗脱,考察不同洗脱部分对东海原甲藻生长的影响,发现80%的甲醇洗脱部分明显抑制了东海原甲藻的生长。本研究为了解剧毒卡尔藻的竞争机制提供了重要的科学依据,今后将重点分析剧毒卡尔藻释放的有效抑制东海原甲藻生长的化感物质。
Potential allelopathic interaction between Karlodinium veneficum and Prorocentrum donghaiense was investigated in bi-algal culture and culture filtrate in nutrient-replete medium. The results show that the cell-free filtrate of the K. veneficum culture in later exponential growth phase inhibited the growth of P. donghaiense apparently. In contrast,the filtrate of P. donghaiense exerted no allelopathic activity to K. veneficum, demonstrating that the release of allelopathic compounds inhibited the growth. Furthermore, the cultures of K. veneficum in later exponential growth phase were harvested and loaded onto a RP column using C18, and eluted with a step gradient consisting of different percentage of MeOH. The results show that 80% MeOH fraction depressed P. donghaiense growth more obviously. Further studies are needed to explore allelochemicals released by K. veneficum.
Potential allelopathic interaction between Karlodinium veneficum and Prorocentrum donghaiense was investigated in bi-algal culture and culture filtrate in nutrient-replete medium. The results show that the cell-free filtrate of the K. veneficum culture in later exponential growth phase inhibited the growth of P. donghaiense apparently. In contrast,the filtrate of P. donghaiense exerted no allelopathic activity to K. veneficum, demonstrating that the release of allelopathic compounds inhibited the growth. Furthermore, the cultures of K. veneficum in later exponential growth phase were harvested and loaded onto a RP column using C18, and eluted with a step gradient consisting of different percentage of MeOH. The results show that 80% MeOH fraction depressed P. donghaiense growth more obviously. Further studies are needed to explore allelochemicals released by K. veneficum.
引文
王红霞,陆斗定,黄海燕等,2011.东海剧毒卡尔藻的形态特征及其系统进化分析.植物学报,46(2):179-188
张议文,王江涛,谭丽菊,2014.旋链角毛藻对中肋骨条藻化感作用的影响因素及化感物质性质初探.海洋学报,36(2):123-129
陈宝红,谢尔艺,高亚辉等,2015.米氏凯伦藻对海洋生物致毒作用的研究进展.福建水产,37(3):241-249
周成旭,孙雪,冯婧等,2008.源于中国东海的有毒裸甲藻Karlodinium micrum的显微观察和分子鉴定.海洋通报,27(3):32-37
周伟华,殷克东,朱德第,2006.舟山海域春季浮游植物生物量及东海原甲藻赤潮频发机制初探.应用生态学报,17(5):887-893
祝陈坚,2006.海水分析化学实验.青岛:中国海洋大学出版社,40-69
徐娜,逄少军,刘峰,2012.一株桑沟湾赤潮藻的分子鉴定.海洋科学,36(4):13-18
Adolf J E,Bachvaroff T R,Deeds J R et al,2015.Ichthyotoxic Karlodinium veneficum(Ballantine)J Larsen in the upper swan river estuary(Western Australia):ecological conditions leading to a fish kill.Harmful Algae,48:83-93
Ajani P,Hallegraeff G,Pritchard T,2001.Historic overview of algal blooms in marine and estuarine waters of New South Wales,Australia.Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales,123:1-22
Bj?rnland T,Tangen K,1979.Pigmentation and morphology of a marine Gyrodinium(Dinophyceae)with a major carotenoid different from peridinin and fucoxanthin.Journal of Phycology,15(4):457-463
Braarud T,1957.A red water organism from Walvis Bay(Gymnodinium galatheanum).Galathea Report 1,pp.137-138
Cai P J,He S,Zhou C X et al,2016.Two new karlotoxins found in Karlodinium veneficum(strain GM2)from the East China Sea.Harmful Algae,58:66-73
Chang F H,2011.Toxic effects of three closely-related dinoflagellates,Karenia concordia,K.brevisulcata and K.mikimotoi(Gymnodiniales,Dinophyceae)on other microalgal species.Harmful Algae,10(2):181-187
Cosgrove J,Grigo S,Hosja W et al,2000.The investigation of a dinoflagellate associated with a fish kill event in the Murray River/estuary,Western Australia.In:Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Harmful Algal Bloom.Australia:UNESCO,518
Dai X F,Lu D D,Guan W B et al,2014.Newly recorded Karlodinium veneficum dinoflagellate blooms in stratified water of the East China Sea.Deep Sea Research Part II:Topical Studies in Oceanography,101:237-243
Granéli E,Weberg M,Salomon P S,2008.Harmful algal blooms of allelopathic microalgal species:the role of eutrophication.Harmful Algae,8(1):94-102
Hattenrath-Lehmann T K,Gobler C J,2011.Allelopathic inhibition of competing phytoplankton by North American strains of the toxic dinoflagellate,Alexandrium fundyense:evidence from field experiments,laboratory experiments,and bloom events.Harmful Algae,11:106-116
Legrand C,Rengefors K,Fistarol G O et al,2003.Allelopathy in phytoplankton-biochemical,ecological and evolutionary aspects.Phycologia,42(4):406-419
Li A S,Stoecker D K,Coats D W,2000.Mixotrophy in Gyrodinium galatheanum(DINOPHYCEAE):grazing responses to light intensity and inorganic nutrients.Journal of Phycology,36(1):33-45
Lu H M,Liao X J,Yang Y F et al,2008.Effects of extracts from Gracilaria lemaneiform on microalgae.Ecological Science,27(5):424-426
Nielsen M V,1996.Growth and chemical composition of the toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium galatheanum in relation to irradiance,temperature and salinity.Marine Ecology Progress Series,136:205-211
Pieterse F,Van Der Post D C,1967.The pilchard of South West Africa(Sardinops ocellata):oceanographical conditions associated with red-tides and fish mortalities in the Walvis Bay Region.Administration of South West Africa,Marine Research Laboratory,p.14
Rice E L,1984.Allelopathy.2nd ed.New York,USA:Academic Press,422
Roy S,Alam S,Chattopadhyay J,2006.Competing effects of toxin-producing phytoplankton on overall plankton populations in the Bay of Bengal.Bulletin of Mathematical Biology,68(8):2303-2320
Terlizzi D E,Stoecker D K,Glibert P M,2000.Gyrodinium galatheanum:a threat to estuarine aquaculture.In:Flos R,Creswell L eds.Abstracts of Contributions Presented at the International Conference AQUA 2000,Nice,France.Oostende,Belgium:European Aquaculture Society Special Publication,700
Vardi A,Schatz D,Beeri K et al,2002.Dinoflagellatecyanobacterium communication may determine the composition of phytoplankton assemblage in a mesotrophic lake.Current Biology,12(20):1767-1772
Wang H X,Lu D D,Huang H Y et al,2011.First observation of Karlodinium veneficum from the East China Sea and the coastal waters of Germany.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,30(6):112-121
Wang R,Wang J T,Xue Q N et al,2016.Preliminary analysis of allelochemicals produced by the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum.Chemosphere,165:298-303
Yang J,Deng X R,Xian Q M et al,2014.Allelopathic effect of Microcystis aeruginosa on Microcystis wesenbergii:microcystin-LR as a potential allelochemical.Hydrobiologia,727(1):65-73
Yang W D,Zhang N S,Cui W M et al,2011.Effects of co-existing microalgae and grazers on the production of hemolytic toxins in Karenia mikimotoi.Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,29(6):1155-1163
?ak A,Kosakowska A,2016.Cyanobacterial and microalgal bioactive compounds-the role of secondary metabolites in allelopathic interactions.Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies,45(1),doi:10.1515/ohs-2016-0013
Zhou C X,Place A R,Yan X J et al,2015.Interactions between Karlodinium veneficum and Prorocentrum donghaiense from the East China Sea.Harmful Algae,49:50-57
张议文,王江涛,谭丽菊,2014.旋链角毛藻对中肋骨条藻化感作用的影响因素及化感物质性质初探.海洋学报,36(2):123-129
陈宝红,谢尔艺,高亚辉等,2015.米氏凯伦藻对海洋生物致毒作用的研究进展.福建水产,37(3):241-249
周成旭,孙雪,冯婧等,2008.源于中国东海的有毒裸甲藻Karlodinium micrum的显微观察和分子鉴定.海洋通报,27(3):32-37
周伟华,殷克东,朱德第,2006.舟山海域春季浮游植物生物量及东海原甲藻赤潮频发机制初探.应用生态学报,17(5):887-893
祝陈坚,2006.海水分析化学实验.青岛:中国海洋大学出版社,40-69
徐娜,逄少军,刘峰,2012.一株桑沟湾赤潮藻的分子鉴定.海洋科学,36(4):13-18
Adolf J E,Bachvaroff T R,Deeds J R et al,2015.Ichthyotoxic Karlodinium veneficum(Ballantine)J Larsen in the upper swan river estuary(Western Australia):ecological conditions leading to a fish kill.Harmful Algae,48:83-93
Ajani P,Hallegraeff G,Pritchard T,2001.Historic overview of algal blooms in marine and estuarine waters of New South Wales,Australia.Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales,123:1-22
Bj?rnland T,Tangen K,1979.Pigmentation and morphology of a marine Gyrodinium(Dinophyceae)with a major carotenoid different from peridinin and fucoxanthin.Journal of Phycology,15(4):457-463
Braarud T,1957.A red water organism from Walvis Bay(Gymnodinium galatheanum).Galathea Report 1,pp.137-138
Cai P J,He S,Zhou C X et al,2016.Two new karlotoxins found in Karlodinium veneficum(strain GM2)from the East China Sea.Harmful Algae,58:66-73
Chang F H,2011.Toxic effects of three closely-related dinoflagellates,Karenia concordia,K.brevisulcata and K.mikimotoi(Gymnodiniales,Dinophyceae)on other microalgal species.Harmful Algae,10(2):181-187
Cosgrove J,Grigo S,Hosja W et al,2000.The investigation of a dinoflagellate associated with a fish kill event in the Murray River/estuary,Western Australia.In:Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Harmful Algal Bloom.Australia:UNESCO,518
Dai X F,Lu D D,Guan W B et al,2014.Newly recorded Karlodinium veneficum dinoflagellate blooms in stratified water of the East China Sea.Deep Sea Research Part II:Topical Studies in Oceanography,101:237-243
Granéli E,Weberg M,Salomon P S,2008.Harmful algal blooms of allelopathic microalgal species:the role of eutrophication.Harmful Algae,8(1):94-102
Hattenrath-Lehmann T K,Gobler C J,2011.Allelopathic inhibition of competing phytoplankton by North American strains of the toxic dinoflagellate,Alexandrium fundyense:evidence from field experiments,laboratory experiments,and bloom events.Harmful Algae,11:106-116
Legrand C,Rengefors K,Fistarol G O et al,2003.Allelopathy in phytoplankton-biochemical,ecological and evolutionary aspects.Phycologia,42(4):406-419
Li A S,Stoecker D K,Coats D W,2000.Mixotrophy in Gyrodinium galatheanum(DINOPHYCEAE):grazing responses to light intensity and inorganic nutrients.Journal of Phycology,36(1):33-45
Lu H M,Liao X J,Yang Y F et al,2008.Effects of extracts from Gracilaria lemaneiform on microalgae.Ecological Science,27(5):424-426
Nielsen M V,1996.Growth and chemical composition of the toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium galatheanum in relation to irradiance,temperature and salinity.Marine Ecology Progress Series,136:205-211
Pieterse F,Van Der Post D C,1967.The pilchard of South West Africa(Sardinops ocellata):oceanographical conditions associated with red-tides and fish mortalities in the Walvis Bay Region.Administration of South West Africa,Marine Research Laboratory,p.14
Rice E L,1984.Allelopathy.2nd ed.New York,USA:Academic Press,422
Roy S,Alam S,Chattopadhyay J,2006.Competing effects of toxin-producing phytoplankton on overall plankton populations in the Bay of Bengal.Bulletin of Mathematical Biology,68(8):2303-2320
Terlizzi D E,Stoecker D K,Glibert P M,2000.Gyrodinium galatheanum:a threat to estuarine aquaculture.In:Flos R,Creswell L eds.Abstracts of Contributions Presented at the International Conference AQUA 2000,Nice,France.Oostende,Belgium:European Aquaculture Society Special Publication,700
Vardi A,Schatz D,Beeri K et al,2002.Dinoflagellatecyanobacterium communication may determine the composition of phytoplankton assemblage in a mesotrophic lake.Current Biology,12(20):1767-1772
Wang H X,Lu D D,Huang H Y et al,2011.First observation of Karlodinium veneficum from the East China Sea and the coastal waters of Germany.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,30(6):112-121
Wang R,Wang J T,Xue Q N et al,2016.Preliminary analysis of allelochemicals produced by the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum.Chemosphere,165:298-303
Yang J,Deng X R,Xian Q M et al,2014.Allelopathic effect of Microcystis aeruginosa on Microcystis wesenbergii:microcystin-LR as a potential allelochemical.Hydrobiologia,727(1):65-73
Yang W D,Zhang N S,Cui W M et al,2011.Effects of co-existing microalgae and grazers on the production of hemolytic toxins in Karenia mikimotoi.Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,29(6):1155-1163
?ak A,Kosakowska A,2016.Cyanobacterial and microalgal bioactive compounds-the role of secondary metabolites in allelopathic interactions.Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies,45(1),doi:10.1515/ohs-2016-0013
Zhou C X,Place A R,Yan X J et al,2015.Interactions between Karlodinium veneficum and Prorocentrum donghaiense from the East China Sea.Harmful Algae,49:50-57
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